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Comprehensive Biomedical Physics Comprehensive Biomedical Physics 1st Edition - July 25, 2014
Hardback ISBN: 9780444536327 9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 4 - 5 3 6 3 2 - 7
eBook ISBN: 9780444536334 9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 4 - 5 3 6 3 3 - 4
Comprehensive Biomedical Physics, Ten Volume Set is a new reference work that provides the first point of entry to the literature for all scientists interested in biomedica… Read more
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Comprehensive Biomedical Physics, Ten Volume Set is a new reference work that provides the first point of entry to the literature for all scientists interested in biomedical physics. It is of particularly use for graduate and postgraduate students in the areas of medical biophysics. This Work is indispensable to all serious readers in this interdisciplinary area where physics is applied in medicine and biology. Written by leading scientists who have evaluated and summarized the most important methods, principles, technologies and data within the field, Comprehensive Biomedical Physics is a vital addition to the reference libraries of those working within the areas of medical imaging, radiation sources, detectors, biology, safety and therapy, physiology, and pharmacology as well as in the treatment of different clinical conditions and bioinformatics.
This Work will be valuable to students working in all aspect of medical biophysics, including medical imaging and biomedical radiation science and therapy, physiology, pharmacology and treatment of clinical conditions and bioinformatics.
The most comprehensive work on biomedical physics ever published Covers one of the fastest growing areas in the physical sciences, including interdisciplinary areas ranging from advanced nuclear physics and quantum mechanics through mathematics to molecular biology and medicine Contains 1800 illustrations, all in full color Academics, researchers and professionals working in medicine and radiology.
Editor-in-Chief Editorial Board Preface Permission Acknowledgments Volume 1: Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Introduction to Volume 1: Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 1.01. History of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Abstract Acknowledgments 1.01.1 Introduction 1.01.2 Discoveries of the Early 1900s That Underpin Nuclear Medicine 1.01.3 Earliest Radiation Detection Systems 1.01.4 Contemporary Photon Detectors 1.01.5 Scintillation Detector Materials 1.01.6 Two-Dimensional Gamma Scanners and Cameras 1.01.7 Three-Dimensional Imaging 1.01.8 Image Processing and Data Analysis 1.01.9 Radionuclide Production 1.01.10 Radiotracer Syntheses Instrumentation 1.01.11 Hazards and Absorbed Radiation Doses 1.01.12 Selected Applications 1.01.13 Molecular Imaging, Born in Mid-1990s 1.01.14 Short History of Organizational Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 1.01.15 Future Expectations Appendix A Major Steps in the Chronology of Nuclear Medicine and Nuclear Molecular Imaging Appendix B References Further Reading Glossary 1.02. Single-Photon Radionuclide Imaging and SPECT Abstract Abbreviations 1.02.1 Introduction 1.02.2 Instrumentation 1.02.3 Acquisition Modes and Image Formation 1.02.4 Imaging Procedures References 1.03. Dynamic Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Abstract Acknowledgments Preface Appendix References Glossary 1.04. Scatter Correction in SPECT Abstract Acknowledgments 1.04.1 Introduction 1.04.2 Source of Scattered Photons 1.04.3 Impact of Scatter on Reconstructed Slices 1.04.4 Ways to Lessen the Amount of Scatter Acquired 1.04.5 Goal of and Dilemma for SC Strategies 1.04.6 Energy Spectrum-Based SC Strategies 1.04.7 Spatial Domain-Based SC References Glossary 1.05. Compton Emission Tomography Abstract Acknowledgment 1.05.1 Limitations of Mechanical Collimation in SPECT 1.05.2 Compton Cameras Use Electronic Collimation to Determine Cones of Origin 1.05.3 Back Projection of Compton Cones Is Useful for Locating Discrete Sources 1.05.4 Escaping Photons and the Compton Continuum 1.05.5 Analyzing a Recorded Event 1.05.6 Compton Image Reconstruction 1.05.7 Uncertainties in Compton Camera Measurements 1.05.8 Compton Camera Instrumentation 1.05.9 Future Perspectives References 1.06. Positron Emission Tomography Abstract 1.06.1 Introduction 1.06.2 Basics of Positron Decay 1.06.3 Making an Image – Overview 1.06.4 Primary Detection 1.06.5 Decoding 1.06.6 Real-Time Detector Corrections 1.06.7 Detector Corrections Applied During Image Reconstruction 1.06.8 Basic Image Reconstruction References Glossary 1.07. Time-of-Flight Positron Emission Tomography Abstract 1.07.1 Introduction 1.07.2 Basics of TOF PET 1.07.3 Brief History of TOF PET 1.07.4 Timing Basics 1.07.5 Optimizing Timing Resolution in PET 1.07.6 Conclusions References Glossary 1.08. Time-of-Flight PET Reconstruction Strategies Abstract 1.08.1 Introduction 1.08.2 Basics of TOF-PET Reconstruction 1.08.3 3D TOF-PET Reconstruction Algorithms 1.08.4 Data Corrections 1.08.5 Impact of TOF-PET Reconstruction References Glossary 1.09. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)/Computer Tomography (CT) Abstract Abbreviation 1.09.1 Introduction to Positron Emission Tomography/Computer Tomography Imaging 1.09.2 Design Features of PET/CT Systems 1.09.3 Attenuation Correction in PET/CT 1.09.4 PET/CT-Specific Artifacts and Corrections 1.09.5 Dosimetry 1.09.6 PET/CT in Clinical Applications 1.09.7 Conclusion References Glossary 1.10. High-Resolution Small Animal Imaging Abstract Abbreviation 1.10.1 Introduction 1.10.2 Small Animal PET Using MWPC 1.10.3 Animal Models 1.10.4 Applications 1.10.5 Conclusion References 1.11. Emission Tomography Motion Compensation Abstract Acknowledgments 1.11.1 Introduction 1.11.2 Motion in PET and SPECT 1.11.3 Motion Types and Effects 1.11.4 Monitoring Methods 1.11.5 Motion Compensation 1.11.6 Conclusions References Glossary 1.12. Tracer Kinetic Models in PET Abstract 1.12.1 Introduction 1.12.2 Compartmental Models 1.12.3 Input Functions and the Tissue Response 1.12.4 K 1 , k 2 , Blood Flow, and Extraction 1.12.5 The Blood Flow Model 1.12.6 Glucose Metabolism in the Brain 1.12.7 Neuroreceptor Model 1.12.8 Occupancy of Receptor Sites Measured Using PET 1.12.9 The General PET Compartmental Model 1.12.10 Summary Appendix References 1.13. Absorbed Radiation Dose Assessment from Radionuclides Abstract Abbreviations 1.13.1 Introduction 1.13.2 The MIRD Schema 1.13.3 Facilitation and Limitations of Absorbed Dose Estimates 1.13.4 Dosimetry and Absorbed Dose Definitions 1.13.5 Summary Appendix A Conversions Between Traditional to SI Units Appendix B Unusual Case for Dose Estimate of Ingested Polonium-210 Appendix C Example of Pu-239 Residual from Tissue Samples References Glossary Volume 2: X-Ray and Ultrasound Imaging Introduction to Volume 2: X-Ray and Ultrasound Imaging 2.01. Physical Basis of x-Ray Imaging Abstract Acknowledgments 2.01.1 Introductory Concepts 2.01.2 Interaction Processes 2.01.3 x-Ray Tubes and Beam Quality in Diagnostic Radiology 2.01.4 Examples of x-Ray Image Formation and Contrast Mechanisms References Relevant Websites Glossary 2.02. Physical Parameters of Image Quality Abstract 2.02.1 Introduction 2.02.2 Spatial Resolution 2.02.3 Noise 2.02.4 Contrast 2.02.5 SNR and Rose Model 2.02.6 Contrast-to-Noise Ratio and Contrast-Detail Analysis References Glossary 2.03. Computed Tomography Abstract 2.03.1 Introduction 2.03.2 The Concept of Tomography 2.03.3 From Projections to Slices 2.03.4 Evolution of CT Technology 2.03.5 Physical Limitations of CT Imaging 2.03.6 Protocol Optimization for Specialized Clinical Applications References Glossary 2.04. Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Abstract Abbreviations 2.04.1 x-Ray Sources for Intraoral Radiography 2.04.2 Detectors for Intraoral Radiography 2.04.3 Panoramic Radiography 2.04.4 Cephalometric Radiography 2.04.5 Cone Beam Volumetric Imaging References Glossary 2.05. Breast Imaging Abstract Abbreviations 2.05.1 Requirements for Early Detection of Breast Cancer 2.05.2 x-Ray Sources 2.05.3 Digital Detectors 2.05.4 Mammography Equipment 2.05.5 Image Display 2.05.6 Digital Breast Tomosynthesis 2.05.7 Advanced Applications References Glossary 2.06. Dual-Energy and Spectral Imaging Abstract 2.06.1 Basic Theory (see also Chapter 2.01) 2.06.2 Current Clinical Implementations 2.06.3 Preclinical Dual-Energy and Spectral Imaging Implementations (see also Chapter 8.18) 2.06.4 Image Noise, Contrast, and Dose Considerations References Glossary 2.07. Quality Controls in x-Ray Imaging Abstract 2.07.1 Introduction 2.07.2 QC for Radiology Equipment 2.07.3 QCs in CR and DR Systems 2.07.4 QCs of Mammography System 2.07.5 QCs of Dental Radiology Equipment 2.07.6 QCs in Digital Angiography 2.07.7 QC of CT Equipment 2.07.8 Summary of Periodicity of QCs References Glossary 2.08. x-Ray Imaging with Coherent Sources Abstract 2.08.1 Introduction 2.08.2 Phase-Sensitive Techniques for x-Ray Imaging 2.08.3 Phase Retrieval and Post-Processing 2.08.4 Open Challenges and Future Perspectives References Glossary 2.09. High-Resolution CT for Small-Animal Imaging Research Abstract Acknowledgments 2.09.1 Introduction 2.09.2 Fundamentals of Micro-CT Design 2.09.3 Reconstruction Algorithms 2.09.4 Image Quality 2.09.5 Applications of Small-Animal Micro-CT 2.09.6 Conclusions References Glossary 2.10. Radiation Protection and Dosimetry in x-Ray Imaging Abstract 2.10.1 Introduction 2.10.2 The ICRP Framework for Radiological Protection 2.10.3 Dosimetric Quantities Relevant for Planar x-Ray Imaging 2.10.4 Dosimetric Quantities Relevant for CT Imaging 2.10.5 Dosimetry in Practice Appendix Most Commonly Used Dosimeters References Relevant Websites Glossary 2.11. Fundamentals of CT Reconstruction in 2D and 3D Abstract Abbreviations 2.11.1 Introduction 2.11.2 Radon Transform in 2D 2.11.3 Back Projection 2.11.4 Radon Transform Inversion 2.11.5 Practical Back Projection 2.11.6 Sinogram Restoration 2.11.7 Sampling Considerations 2.11.8 Linogram Reconstruction 2.11.9 2D Fan-Beam Tomography 2.11.10 3D Cone-Beam Reconstruction 2.11.11 Iterative Image Reconstruction 2.11.12 Summary and Future Trends References Relevant Websites Glossary 2.12. The Basics of Ultrasound Abstract 2.12.1 Introduction 2.12.2 US Propagation in an Ideal Fluid 2.12.3 US Propagation in a Nonideal Fluid 2.12.4 Pulse-Echo Imaging 2.12.5 Final Remarks References Relevant Websites Glossary 2.13. Ultrasound Imaging Arrays Abstract 2.13.1 Introduction 2.13.2 Array Transducers 2.13.3 Beam Profile 2.13.4 Apodization 2.13.5 Beam Processing 2.13.6 Echography: Reflection and Backscattering Imaging 2.13.7 Image Quality 2.13.8 Plane Wave Imaging (Ultrafast US Imaging) 2.13.9 Synthetic Aperture Imaging References Glossary 2.14. Doppler Ultrasound Abstract 2.14.1 Introduction 2.14.2 Continuous-Wave Doppler 2.14.3 Pulsed-Wave Doppler 2.14.4 Color Doppler Imaging 2.14.5 Vector Velocity Imaging 2.14.6 Recent Developments in Ultrasound Imaging of Blood Flow References 2.15. Ultrasound Imaging Modalities Abstract 2.15.1 Introduction 2.15.2 Reflection Imaging 2.15.3 Nonlinear Imaging 2.15.4 Quantitative Imaging 2.15.5 Emerging Imaging Modalities References Glossary 2.16. Nonlinear Acoustics Abstract 2.16.1 Introduction 2.16.2 Plane Waves in Nonlinear Lossless and Lossy Media 2.16.3 Three-Dimensional Nonlinear Equations 2.16.4 Harmonic Imaging References Glossary 2.17. Biomedical Applications of Ultrasound Abstract Abbreviations 2.17.1 Introduction 2.17.2 Clinical Diagnostic Pathways: The Old and the New 2.17.3 From Planar Through Tomographic, to Multidimensional Imaging 2.17.4 US in Clinical Practice: Advantages and Disadvantages 2.17.5 Brief Historical Notes and Modern Ideas 2.17.6 Why and How US Imaging Works 2.17.7 Probes and Transducers 2.17.8 Usual Application of US in Medicine 2.17.9 M-Mode and B-Mode Sonography 2.17.10 Basic Principles of Clinical US 2.17.11 Ultrasound Anatomy 2.17.12 Other Practical Applications of Clinical US 2.17.13 Operative Ultrasound 2.17.14 Doppler US 2.17.15 Doppler US for Hemodynamic Evaluation 2.17.16 Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound 2.17.17 Elastography 2.17.18 The Physical Basis of Aerated Organs US Imaging 2.17.19 New Applications: Lung US and Integrated US Imaging 2.17.20 Conclusion References Glossary 2.18. Biological Effects in Diagnostic Ultrasound Abstract 2.18.1 Introduction 2.18.2 DUS Exposimetry and Dosimetry 2.18.3 Heating and Thermal Bioeffects in DUS 2.18.4 Nonthermal Tissue Interaction and Bioeffects in DUS 2.18.5 Bioeffects Associated with Gas-Body Activation and Cavitation in DUS 2.18.6 Critical Discussion of Bioeffects in DUS References Glossary 2.19. Simulation of Ultrasound Fields Abstract Nomenclature 2.19.1 Introduction 2.19.2 Basic Acoustic Equations 2.19.3 Semianalytical Methods 2.19.4 Numerical Methods for Linear Ultrasound Fields 2.19.5 Numerical Methods for Nonlinear Ultrasound Fields References Relevant Websites 2.20. Ultrasound Research Platforms Abstract 2.20.1 Introduction 2.20.2 General Characteristics of an Ideal Platform 2.20.3 State of the Art of Research Platforms 2.20.4 Detailed Architecture of Sample Platforms 2.20.5 Innovative Applications of Open Platforms 2.20.6 Discussion References Relevant Websites Glossary Volume 3: Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Introduction to Volume 3: Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy 3.01. Fundamentals of MR Imaging Abstract 3.01.1 Introduction 3.01.2 MRI Equipment 3.01.3 Basic Theory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 3.01.4 Relaxation 3.01.5 Basic Pulse Sequences 3.01.6 Image Formation 3.01.7 Advanced Pulse Sequences 3.01.8 Parallel and Non-Cartesian Imaging References Glossary 3.02. Image Contrast and Resolution in MRI Abstract Nomenclature 3.02.1 Introduction to Spatial Resolution 3.02.2 Magnetic Field Gradients and Spatial Encoding 3.02.3 Slice Selection 3.02.4 Gradient Strength and Image Resolution 3.02.5 SNR Considerations 3.02.6 NMR Microscopy 3.02.7 Introduction to Image Contrast 3.02.8 T 1 -Weighted MRI 3.02.9 Suppression of T 1 Components (Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery, Short TI Inversion Recovery, and Double-Inversion Recovery) 3.02.10 T 2 -Weighted MRI 3.02.11 Susceptibility Contrast 3.02.12 Functional MRI 3.02.13 Other Contrast Mechanisms 3.02.14 Contrast Agents References Relevant Websites Glossary 3.03. Perfusion Imaging and Hyperpolarized Agents for MRI Abstract Nomenclature 3.03.1 Introduction 3.03.2 Perfusion Imaging 3.03.3 Hyperpolarized Agents References Further Reading Glossary 3.04. High Versus Low Static Magnetic Fields in MRI Abstract Nomenclature 3.04.1 Introduction 3.04.2 Characteristics of Increasing Static Magnetic Fields 3.04.3 Some Consequences for Selected MR Applications 3.04.4 Discussion References Glossary 3.05. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Abstract Abbreviations 3.05.1 From Neural Activity to the BOLD Signal – The Physiological Basis of fMRI 3.05.2 fMRI Methodology 3.05.3 From Research to Clinic – Clinical Use of fMRI 3.05.4 Conclusions References Relevant Websites Glossary 3.06. Diffusion-Weighted MRI Abstract Nomenclature Acknowledgments 3.06.1 Introduction 3.06.2 Diffusion Process and Scalar DW Imaging 3.06.3 Diffusion Tensor Imaging 3.06.4 q -Space, Diffusion Spectroscopy, and Imaging 3.06.5 HARDI and Beyond 3.06.6 Structural Connectivity Inference and Applications 3.06.7 Conclusion References Relevant Websites Glossary 3.07. MRI of the Brain Abstract Nomenclature Acknowledgment 3.07.1 Introduction 3.07.2 MR-Based Modalities for Assessing Brain Anatomy 3.07.3 MRI in Normal Brain Development 3.07.4 MRI in Normal Brain Aging 3.07.5 MRI of the Brain in Pathologic Conditions 3.07.6 Conclusion References Glossary 3.08. MRI of the Cardiovascular System Abstract Abbreviations 3.08.1 Introduction 3.08.2 Special Considerations and Challenges of CMR 3.08.3 Techniques and Sequences Used for CMR 3.08.4 Clinical Applications of CMR 3.08.5 Future Trends in CMR References Relevant Websites Glossary 3.09. MRI of the Liver Abstract Abbreviations 3.09.1 T 1 -Weighted Sequences 3.09.2 T 2 -Weighted Sequences 3.09.3 Gadolinium-Enhanced T 1 -Weighted Sequences 3.09.4 Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Contrast Agent 3.09.5 Artifacts 3.09.6 Liver Protocol 3.09.7 General Considerations of MRI of the Liver at 3 T 3.09.8 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of the Liver 3.09.9 Noncooperative Patients 3.09.10 Emerging Developments in MRI References Relevant Website Glossary 3.10. MRI of the Pancreas and Kidney Abstract Abbreviations Acknowledgments 3.10.1 Introduction 3.10.2 Techniques 3.10.3 MRI of the Pancreas 3.10.4 MRI of the Kidney 3.10.5 Conclusion References Glossary 3.11. MRI of the Small and Large Bowel Abstract Abbreviations 3.11.1 General Issues in Small Bowel Imaging 3.11.2 MRI of the SB: Technical Aspects 3.11.3 Clinical Applications 3.11.4 MRI of the Large Bowel 3.11.5 MR Colonography: Technical Aspects 3.11.6 Indications for MR Colonography 3.11.7 MRI of the Small and Large Bowel: Conclusions References Glossary 3.12. MR Imaging of the Prostate Abstract Abbreviations Acknowledgment 3.12.1 Introduction 3.12.2 Equipment 3.12.3 MRI Examination for Prostate Cancer 3.12.4 Role of MRI in Prostate Cancer 3.12.5 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Prostate 3.12.6 Conclusion References Glossary 3.13. MRI of the Breast Abstract Abbreviations 3.13.1 Introduction 3.13.2 Special MRI Techniques for Breast Imaging 3.13.3 Basic Breast Pathology 3.13.4 MRI of Nonmalignant, Nontumorous Breast Lesions 3.13.5 MRI of Benign Breast Tumors 3.13.6 MRI of Malignant Breast Tumors 3.13.7 Dynamic MRI 3.13.8 DWI of Breast Tumors 3.13.9 Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging for Microcalcifications 3.13.10 Biological Correlation 3.13.11 Clinical Applications 3.13.12 Conclusion References Glossary 3.14. MRI of the Female Genitourinary Tract Abstract Abbreviations 3.14.1 Introduction 3.14.2 Normal Anatomy 3.14.3 MRI Techniques in the Female Pelvis 3.14.4 Pathologies of Uterus 3.14.5 Adnexal Disease 3.14.6 Conclusion References Glossary 3.15. Three-Dimensional Multispectral MRI for Patients with Metal Implants Abstract 3.15.1 Introduction 3.15.2 Theory 3.15.3 Application of 3D-MSI Methods 3.15.4 Discussion 3.15.5 Conclusions References Glossary 3.16. Fundamentals of MR Spectroscopy Abstract 3.16.1 Basic Concepts 3.16.2 Nuclei that Can Be Used for MRS 3.16.3 Key Methodologies 3.16.4 Complexities and Caveats References Further Reading Relevant Website Glossary 3.17. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) of the Brain Abstract Abbreviations Acknowledgments 3.17.1 Introduction 3.17.2 Neurodegenerative Diseases 3.17.3 Psychiatric Disorders 3.17.4 Somatoform Disorders 3.17.5 Vascular Disorders 3.17.6 Intracranial Neoplasms 3.17.7 Infections 3.17.8 Demyelinating Diseases 3.17.9 Developmental Disorders 3.17.10 Epilepsy 3.17.11 Conclusion References Glossary 3.18. MR Spectroscopy (MRS) of the Prostate Abstract Abbreviations Acknowledgments 3.18.1 Introduction 3.18.2 Prostate Cancer 3.18.3 MRS of the Prostate 3.18.4 Clinical Applications of MRS for Prostate Cancer 3.18.5 Summary References Glossary 3.19. MRS of the Breast Abstract Abbreviations Acknowledgments 3.19.1 Introduction 3.19.2 1 H-MRS and the Choline Signal in the Diagnosis of Breast Cancer 3.19.3 Monitoring Response to Neoadjuvant Systemic Therapy with MRI and 1 H-MRS 3.19.4 Technical Aspects 3.19.5 In Situ 31 P-MRS of Breast Cancer 3.19.6 Future Directions – Hyperpolarized 13 C Choline Imaging and Spectroscopy References Glossary 3.20. Potential and Obstacles of MRS in the Clinical Setting Abstract Abbreviations Acknowledgments 3.20.1 Introduction 3.20.2 Some Basics Concerning MRS in the Clinical Setting 3.20.3 Conventional Approaches to Processing Localized Spectra 3.20.4 Obstacles Related to Fourier-Based Analysis and Postprocessing Fitting 3.20.5 What Do Clinicians Expect from MRS? 3.20.6 Conclusion References Further Reading Glossary 3.21. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging Abstract Nomenclature 3.21.1 Introduction 3.21.2 Multiple Types of Imaging Based on the Chemical Shift 3.21.3 Theory 3.21.4 Technology 3.21.5 Quantification 3.21.6 Applications in Humans 3.21.7 Other Applications 3.21.8 Problems of MRSI 3.21.9 Conclusions References Glossary 3.22. Clinical Applications of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging Abstract Abbreviations Acknowledgment 3.22.1 Introduction 3.22.2 Diagnosis/Detection 3.22.3 Grading/Assessment of Aggressiveness 3.22.4 Treatment Selection/Response Assessment/Prognosis 3.22.5 Conclusion References Glossary 3.23. In Vivo Two-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Abstract Nomenclature Acknowledgments 3.23.1 Introduction 3.23.2 Basics of 2D MRS 3.23.3 Modeling a Single Isolated Spin −1/2 System 3.23.4 Modeling a Weakly Coupled Spin-Pair System 3.23.5 2D Localized Correlated Spectroscopy 3.23.6 Clinical Applications of Single Voxel 2D L-COSY MRS 3.23.7 Other Sequences in Single Voxel 2D MRS 3.23.8 Multivoxel 2D MRS 3.23.9 Quantification in 2D MRS 3.23.10 Future Directions References Glossary 3.24. Basic Science Input into Clinical MR Modalities Abstract Abbreviations Acknowledgments 3.24.1 Introduction 3.24.2 Metabolic Biomarkers of Breast Cancer – MRS of Choline Metabolism 3.24.3 Sodium MRI of Renal Function 3.24.4 Final Comments References Glossary 3.25. Mathematically Optimized MR Reconstructions Abstract Abbreviations Acknowledgments 3.25.1 Introduction 3.25.2 Standard Versus Advanced Signal Processing Methods in MR 3.25.3 Results of the FPT Within 1D MRS 3.25.4 Other Applications of the FPT Within MR 3.25.5 Perspectives References Further Reading Glossary 3.26. Interdisciplinarity of MR and Future Perspectives with a Focus on Screening Abstract Nomenclature Acknowledgments 3.26.1 Introduction 3.26.2 Challenges Entailed in the Interdisciplinarity of MR 3.26.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of MR with a Focus on Screening 3.26.4 Outlooks for the Future of MR with a Focus on Timely Cancer Diagnosis 3.26.5 Conclusion: Public Health and Policy Implications References Further Reading Relevant Websites Glossary Volume 4: Optical Molecular Imaging Introduction to Volume 4: Optical Molecular Imaging 4.01. Bio-optical Imaging Abstract Nomenclature 4.01.1 Introduction 4.01.2 Light Produced by Living Organisms 4.01.3 How Do Living Organisms Produce Light? 4.01.4 So What Exactly is Bioluminescence? 4.01.5 Functions of Bioluminescence 4.01.6 Types of Bioluminescence, Bioluminescent Organs, and Control of the Light Emission 4.01.7 Fluorescence 4.01.8 Luminescence Science: From Past to Present 4.01.9 Conclusion References Glossary 4.02. Signal-Relevant Properties of Fluorescent Labels and Optical Probes and Their Determination Abstract Abbreviations Acknowledgment 4.02.1 Introduction 4.02.2 Conclusion References Glossary 4.03. Fluorescent Proteins Abstract 4.03.1 The Green Fluorescent Protein Nude Mouse 4.03.2 The Nestin-Driven GFP Nude Mouse 4.03.3 The RFP Nude Mouse 4.03.4 The CFP Nude Mouse 4.03.5 Cancer Cells Expressing GFP in the Nucleus and RFP in the Cytoplasm 4.03.6 Imaging the Recruitment of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts by Liver-Metastatic Colon Cancer 4.03.7 Multicolored Stroma to Image Interaction with Cancer Cells 4.03.8 Making Patient Primary Tumors Glow in Nude Mice by Coloring the Stroma with Fluorescent Proteins 4.03.9 Making Metastasis from Patient Tumors Glow in Nude Mice by Coloring the Stroma with GFP 4.03.10 Non-invasive Imaging of Orthotopic Pancreatic-Cancer-Patient Tumors Colored by GFP and RFP Stroma in Nude Mice 4.03.11 Color-Coded Real-Time Subcellular Fluorescence Imaging of the Interaction between Cancer and Stromal Cells in Live Mice 4.03.12 Non-invasive Subcellular Multicolor Imaging of Cancer Cell–Stromal Cell Interaction and Drug Response in Real Time 4.03.13 Stromal Cells are Necessary for Cancer Cells to Metastasize 4.03.14 Visualizing Stromal Cell Dynamics by Spinning Disk Confocal Microscopy 4.03.15 Conclusions Dedication References Glossary 4.04. Fluorescent Nanoparticles Abstract 4.04.1 Introduction to Luminescence 4.04.2 Materials and Synthesis 4.04.3 Specific Aspects for Medical Use References Glossary 4.05. Molecular Imaging Probes: Activatable and Sensing Probes Abstract 4.05.1 Introduction 4.05.2 Activation Strategies 4.05.3 Photochemical Aspects of Probe Activation 4.05.4 Targeting Moieties 4.05.5 Molecular Imaging Applications 4.05.6 Summary References Relevant Website Glossary 4.06. Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Probes Abstract Abbreviations 4.06.1 Introduction 4.06.2 The Principle of Resonance Energy Transfer 4.06.3 Design of FRET Pairs 4.06.4 FRET Applications 4.06.5 Intramolecular and Intermolecular FRET 4.06.6 Methods to Detect FRET 4.06.7 Conclusion References Glossary 4.07. Multimodal Optical Imaging Probes Abstract 4.07.1 Introduction 4.07.2 Multimodal Optical Imaging Probes 4.07.3 Discussion 4.07.4 Conclusion References Glossary 4.08. Fluorescent Reporters and Optical Probes Abstract Abbreviations 4.08.1 Introduction 4.08.2 Classes and Optical Properties of Fluorescent Dyes for Biomedical Imaging 4.08.3 Chemistry of Fluorescent Dyes 4.08.4 Summary and Conclusion References Glossary 4.09. Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Abstract 4.09.1 Introduction 4.09.2 The Fundamentals of Optical Microscopy 4.09.3 Advanced Linear Fluorescence Microscopy 4.09.4 Nonlinear Superresolution Fluorescence Microscopy 4.09.5 Conclusion References 4.10. Uncovering Tumor Biology by Intravital Microscopy Abstract Acknowledgment 4.10.1 Introduction 4.10.2 Animal Models for IVM 4.10.3 Intravital Microscopic Modalities 4.10.4 IVM Studies for Tumor Biology 4.10.5 Summary and Outlook References Glossary 4.11. Two-Photon Microscopy Abstract 4.11.1 Introduction 4.11.2 Basics of Laser Scanning Microscopy: The Excitation and Emission Process 4.11.3 Linear Optical Microscopy 4.11.4 Nonlinear Optical Microscopy 4.11.5 Second-Harmonic Generation Microscopy 4.11.6 Nonlinear Versus Linear Microscopy in Biomedical Imaging 4.11.7 Biomedical Application of TPLSM 4.11.8 Conclusion References Glossary 4.12. Optical Frequency-Domain Imaging Abstract 4.12.1 Introduction 4.12.2 High-Sensitivity and High-Speed OFDI 4.12.3 System Implementation 4.12.4 Functional OFDI 4.12.5 Endoscopic OFDI References Hardback ISBN: 9780444536327
eBook ISBN: 9780444536334
Anders Brahme Anders Brahme is Professor of Medical Radiation Physics since 1988 at the Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Stockholm University, and Director of the Research Center for Radiation Therapy, Karolinska Institutet as well as at the International Open Laboratory at NIRS Chiba, Japan and Honorary Professor at the Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College. He got his Master of Science degree in electrical engineering at the Royal Institute of Technology in 1969 and his Ph.D. thesis on the “Application of the Microtron Accelerator for Radiation Therapy” was presented 1975 at Stockholm University. Since then he has been active in the development of radiation dosimetry, quality assurance and radiation therapy equipment and techniques for most types of radiation from electrons and photons to neutrons, protons and heavy ions. He initiated the development of inverse radiation therapy planning and intensity modulated radiotherapy using scanning beams and dynamic multileaf collimator systems. During the last three decades he has been mainly active in the field of radiation therapy optimization based on accurate radiobiological models describing the response of tumors and normal tissues and developing optimal techniques for Light Ion therapy. By such techniques he has been able to maximize the expectation value of the complication free tumor cure under consideration of intensity modulation, dose fractionation, choice of radiation modality, the number of beam portals and their angles of incidence as well as uncertainties in geometrical and biological parameters. He also initiated a hand full of companies during these developments.
Affiliations and expertise
Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden View book on ScienceDirect