Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
- 1.2 EXPECTATIONS FROM PLASTICIZERS
- 1.3 DEFINITIONS
- 1.4 CLASSIFICATION
Chapter 2: PLASTICIZER TYPES
- 2.1 INTRODUCTION
- 2.2 CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF INDUSTRIAL PLASTICIZERS
- 2.3 METHODS OF SYNTHESIS AND THEIR EFFECT ON PROPERTIES OF PLASTICIZERS
- 2.4 REACTIVE PLASTICIZERS AND INTERNAL PLASTICIZATION
Chapter 3: TYPICAL METHODS OF QUALITY CONTROL OF PLASTICIZERS
- 3.1 ABBREVIATIONS, TERMINOLOGY, AND VOCABULARY
- 3.2 ACID NUMBER
- 3.3 AGING STUDIES
- 3.4 ASH
- 3.5 BRITTLENESS TEMPERATURE
- 3.6 BROOKFIELD VISCOSITY
- 3.7 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
- 3.8 COLOR
- 3.9 COMPATIBILITY
- 3.10 COMPRESSION SET
- 3.11 CONCRETE ADDITIVES
- 3.12 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
- 3.13 EXTRACTABLE MATTER
- 3.14 FLASH AND FIRE POINT
- 3.15 FOGGING
- 3.16 FUSION
- 3.17 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
- 3.18 HARDNESS
- 3.19 INFRARED ANALYSIS OF PLASTICIZERS
- 3.20 KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
- 3.21 MARKING (CLASSIFICATION)
- 3.22 MELT RHEOLOGY
- 3.23 MIGRATION
- 3.24 POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) – STANDARD SPECIFICATION
- 3.25 POWDER-MIX TIME
- 3.26 PURITY
- 3.27 REFRACTIVE INDEX
- 3.28 RESIDUAL CONTAMINATION
- 3.29 SAMPLING
- 3.30 SAPONIFICATION VALUE
- 3.31 SAYBOLT VISCOSITY
- 3.32 SORPTION OF PLASTICIZER
- 3.33 SPECIFIC GRAVITY
- 3.34 SPECIFICATION
- 3.35 STAINING
- 3.36 STIFFNESS
- 3.37 TENSILE PROPERTIES
- 3.38 THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT
- 3.39 UNSAPONIFIABLE CONTENTS
- 3.40 VISCOSITY OF PLASTISOLS AND ORGANOSOLS
- 3.41 WATER CONCENTRATION
- 3.42 WEIGHT LOSS
Chapter 4: TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE
- 4.1 TRANSPORTATION
- 4.2 STORAGE
Chapter 5: MECHANISMS OF PLASTICIZERS ACTION
- 5.1 CLASSICAL THEORIES
- 5.2 THE FREE VOLUME THEORY
Chapter 6: THEORIES OF COMPATIBILITY
- 6.1 COMPATIBILITY CONCEPTS
- 6.2 SOLUBILITY PARAMETER AND THE COHESIVE ENERGY DENSITY
- 6.3 METHODS OF PLASTICIZER SELECTION BASED ON PRINCIPLES OF COMPATIBILITY
- 6.4 PRACTICAL APPROACHES IN USING THEORY OF COMPATIBILITY FOR PLASTICIZERS SELECTION
- 6.5 EXPERIMENTAL DATA ILLUSTRATING EFFECT OF COMPATIBILITY ON PLASTICIZED SYSTEMS
Chapter 7: PLASTICIZER MOTION AND DIFFUSION
- 7.1 PLASTICIZER DIFFUSION RATE AND THE METHODS OF STUDY
- 7.2 PLASTICIZER MOTION AND DISTRIBUTION IN MATRIX
- 7.3 PLASTICIZER MIGRATION
- 7.5 ANTIPLASTICIZATION
- 7.6 EFFECT OF DIFFUSION AND MOBILITY OF PLASTICIZERS ON THEIR SUITABILITY
Chapter 8: EFFECT OF PLASTICIZERS ON OTHER COMPONENTS OF FORMULATION
- 8.1 PLASTICIZER CONSUMPTION BY FILLERS
- 8.2 SOLUBILITY OF ADDITIVES IN PLASTICIZERS
- 8.3 ADDITIVE MOLECULAR MOBILITY AND TRANSPORT IN THE PRESENCE OF PLASTICIZERS
- 8.4 EFFECT OF PLASTICIZERS ON POLYMERIZATION AND CURING REACTIONS
Chapter 9: PLASTICIZATION STEPS
- 9.1 PLASTICIZATION STEPS
- 9.2 STUDIES OF PLASTISOL’S BEHAVIOR DURING GELATION AND FUSION
Chapter 10: EFFECT OF PLASTICIZERS ON PROPERTIES OF PLASTICIZED MATERIALS
- 10.1 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
- 10.2 OPTICAL PROPERTIES
- 10.3 SPECTRAL PROPERTIES
- 10.4 GLOSS
- 10.5 SOUND
- 10.6 RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
- 10.7 MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
- 10.8 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
- 10.9 INFLUENCE OF PLASTICIZERS ON THE GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE OF POLYMERS
- 10.10 FLAMMABILITY AND SMOKE FORMATION IN THE PRESENCE OF PLASTICIZERS
- 10.11 THERMAL DEGRADATION
- 10.12 EFFECT OF UV AND IONIZED RADIATION ON PLASTICIZED MATERIALS
- 10.13 HYDROLYSIS
- 10.14 BIODEGRADATION IN THE PRESENCE OF PLASTICIZERS
- 10.15 CRYSTALLIZATION, STRUCTURE, AND ORIENTATION OF MACROMOLECULES
- 10.16 MORPHOLOGY
- 10.17 PLASTICIZER EFFECT ON CONTACT WITH OTHER MATERIALS
- 10.18 INFLUENCE OF PLASTICIZERS ON SWELLING OF CROSSLINKED ELASTOMERS
- 10.19 THE SWELLING OF NANO-HETEROGENEOUS COATINGS IN PLASTICIZERS
- 10.20 PECULIARITIES OF PLASTICIZATION OF POLYURETHANES BY BINARY PLASTICIZERS
- 10.21 STABILITY OF PHYSICO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PLASTICIZED POLYETHERURETHANE IN A HUMID MEDIUM
- 10.22 FUSIBLE DIURETHANE PLASTICIZERS FOR THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANE COMPOSITES
- 10.23 DETERMINATION OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF PLASTICIZER IN POLYMER
- 10.24 SELF-HEALING
- 10.25 SHRINKAGE
- 10.26 SOILING
- 10.27 FREE VOLUME
- 10.28 EFFECT OF PLASTICIZERS ON OTHER PROPERTIES
Chapter 11: PLASTICIZERS USE AND SELECTION FOR SPECIFIC POLYMERS
- 11.1 ABS
- 11.2 ACRYLICS
- 11.3 BROMOBUTYL RUBBER
- 11.4 BUTYL TERPOLYMER
- 11.5 CELLULOSE ACETATE
- 11.6 CELLULOSE BUTYRATES AND PROPIONATES
- 11.7 CELLULOSE NITRATE
- 11.8 CHITOSAN
- 11.9 CHLORINATED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
- 11.10 CHLOROSULFONATED POLYETHYLENE
- 11.11 COPOLYMERS
- 11.12 CYANOACRYLATES
- 11.13 ETHYLCELLULOSE
- 11.14 EPOXY RESIN
- 11.15 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE-DIENE COPOLYMER, EPDM
- 11.16 ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER, EVA
- 11.17 IONOMERS
- 11.18 NITRILE RUBBER
- 11.19 PERFLUOROPOLYMERS
- 11.20 POLYACRYLONITRILE
- 11.21 POLYAMIDE
- 11.22 POLYAMINE
- 11.23 POLYANILINE
- 11.24 POLYBUTADIENE
- 11.25 POLYBUTYLENE
- 11.26 POLY(BUTYL METHACRYLATE)
- 11.27 POLYCARBONATE
- 11.28 POLYESTER
- 11.29 POLYETHERIMIDE
- 11.30 POLYETHYLACRYLATE
- 11.31 POLYETHYLENE
- 11.32 POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE)
- 11.33 POLY(3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE)
- 11.34 POLYISOBUTYLENE
- 11.35 POLYISOPRENE
- 11.36 POLYIMIDE
- 11.37 POLYLACTIDE
- 11.38 POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE
- 11.39 POLYPROPYLENE
- 11.40 POLY(PROPYLENE CARBONATE)
- 11.41 POLY(N-VINYLCARBAZOLE)
- 11.42 POLY(N-VINYLPYRROLIDONE)
- 11.43 POLY(PHENYLENE ETHER)
- 11.44 POLY(PHENYLENE SULFIDE)
- 11.45 POLYSTYRENE
- 11.46 POLYSULFIDE
- 11.47 POLYSULFONE
- 11.49 POLYVINYLACETATE
- 11.50 POLYVINYLALCOHOL
- 11.51 POLYVINYLBUTYRAL
- 11.52 POLYVINYLCHLORIDE
- 11.53 POLYVINYLFLUORIDE
- 11.54 POLYVINYLIDENEFLUORIDE
- 11.55 POLYVINYLIDENECHLORIDE
- 11.56 PROTEINS
- 11.57 RUBBER, NATURAL
- 11.58 SILICONE
- 11.59 STYRENE-BUTADIENE RUBBER
- 11.60 STYRENE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE RUBBER
- 11.61 STARCH
Chapter 12: PLASTICIZERS IN POLYMER BLENDS
- 12.1 PLASTICIZER PARTITION BETWEEN COMPONENT POLYMERS
- 12.2 INTERACTION OF PLASTICIZERS WITH BLEND COMPONENTS
- 12.3 EFFECT OF PLASTICIZERS ON BLEND PROPERTIES
- 12.4 BLENDING TO REDUCE OR TO REPLACE PLASTICIZERS
Chapter 13: PLASTICIZERS IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
- 13.1 ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS
- 13.2 AEROSPACE
- 13.3 AGRICULTURE
- 13.4 AUTOMOTIVE
- 13.5 CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS
- 13.6 COATED FABRICS
- 13.7 COMPOSITES
- 13.8 COSMETICS
- 13.9 CULTURAL HERITAGE
- 13.10 DENTAL MATERIALS
- 13.11 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
- 13.12 FIBERS
- 13.13 FILM
- 13.14 FOOD
- 13.15 FLOORING
- 13.16 FOAMS
- 13.17 FOOTWEAR
- 13.18 FUEL CELLS
- 13.19 GASKETS
- 13.20 HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS
- 13.21 INKS, VARNISHES, AND LACQUERS
- 13.22 MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
- 13.23 MEMBRANES
- 13.24 MICROSPHERES
- 13.25 PAINTS AND COATINGS
- 13.26 PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS
- 13.27 PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS
- 13.28 PIPES
- 13.29 ROOFING MATERIALS
- 13.30 TIRES
- 13.32 TUBING
- 13.33 WIRE AND CABLE
Chapter 14: PLASTICIZERS IN VARIOUS PROCESSING METHODS
- 14.1 BLOW MOLDING
- 14.2 CALENDERING
- 14.3 COIL COATING
- 14.4 COMPRESSION MOLDING
- 14.5 COMPOUNDING (MIXING)
- 14.6 DIP COATING
- 14.7 DRY BLENDING
- 14.8 EXTRUSION
- 14.9 INJECTION MOLDING
- 14.10 POLYMER SYNTHESIS
- 14.12 RUBBER PROCESSING
- 14.13 THERMOFORMING
- 14.14 WEB COATING
- 14.15 WIRE COATING
Chapter 15: SPECIALIZED ANALYTICAL METHODS IN PLASTICIZER TESTING
- 15.1 PLASTICIZER IDENTIFICATION
- 15.2 METHODS OF DETERMINATION OF PLASTICIZER CONCENTRATION
- 15.3 DETERMINATION OF VOLATILITY, MOLECULAR MOTION, DIFFUSION, AND MIGRATION
- 15.4 METHODS OF STUDY OF PLASTICIZED MATERIALS
Chapter 16: MATHEMATICAL MODELLING IN APPLICATION TO PLASTICIZERS
- 16.1 PVC-PLASTICIZER INTERACTION MODEL
- 16.2 GAS PERMEATION
- 16.3 MIGRATION
- 16.4 DRY-BLENDING TIME
- 16.5 GELATION AND FUSION
- 16.6 THERMAL DECOMPOSITION
- 16.7 POTENTIAL HEALTH RISK OF EXPOSURE TO DEHP FROM GLOVES
Chapter 17: HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES WITH PLASTICIZERS AND PLASTICIZED MATERIALS
Chapter 18: THE ENVIRONMENTAL FATE OF PLASTICIZERS
- 18.1 INTRODUCTION
- 18.2 PLASTICIZERS IN WATER
- 18.3 SOIL AND SEDIMENT
- 18.4 ORGANISMS
- 18.5 AIR
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS
Chapter 19: REGULATIONS AND DATA
- 19.1 TOXIC SUBSTANCE CONTROL
- 19.2 CARCINOGENIC EFFECT
- 19.3 TERATOGENIC AND MUTAGENIC EFFECT
- 19.4 WORKPLACE EXPOSURE LIMITS
- 19.5 EXPOSURE FROM CONSUMER PRODUCTS
- 19.6 PLASTICIZERS IN DRINKING WATER
- 19.7 FOOD REGULATORY ACTS
- 19.8 MEDICAL AND OTHER APPLICATIONS
Chapter 20: PERSONAL PROTECTION
- 20.1 CLOTHING
- 20.2 GLOVES
- 20.3 EYE PROTECTION
- 20.4 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Chapter 21: PLASTICIZER RECOVERY & RECYCLING