Human Performance Models for Computer-Aided Engineering

Foreword

Preface

Part I


1 Introduction

Helicopter Flight Problems and Applications of Human Performance Models

Detectability and Visibility

Surface and Motion Estimation

Object Recognition

Hetero-Ocular Vision

Workload and Pilot Performance

Decision Theory

Memory Overload

Skill Acquisition

Human Error

References


2 Preview of Models

Framework

Assessment of Models


3 Use and Integration of Models

Design Process

Toolbox Framework

Selecting Tools and Models

Engineering Analyses

Discussion

Afterword

References

Part II


4 Introduction to Vision Models


5 Models in Early Vision

Overview

Introduction

What is a Model?

Model Attributes

Spatial Vision

Temporal Sensitivity

Motion Processing

Summary

References


6 Models of Static Form Perception

Image Generation

Image Analysis

Potential Applications

References


7 Structure from Motion

Overview

Introduction

Models

Conclusion

Research Needs: Structure from Motion

References


8 Motion-Based State Estimation and Shape Modeling

Introduction and Summary

Framework for Motion-Based State Estimation and Shape Modeling

Review of Research in Motion-Based State Estimation and Shape Modeling

Model Applications and Limitations

Future Research

References


9 Real-Time Human Image Understanding in Pilot Performance Models

Theories of Object Recognition

Model-Based Matching: Lowe's SCERPO and UUman's Alignment Models

Perception of Multiobject Displays

References


10 Manipulation Of Visual Information

Summary

Introduction

Transformations on Information Presented in a Static Visual Display

Memory for Positions in a Sequence of Static Displays

Extrapolation of Perceptually Driven Spatial Transformations

Judgments of Object Structure from Partial Views

Future Research

References


11 Combining Views

Integration of Successive Views

Binocular Combination

References


12 Afterword


13 Introduction to Cognition Models


14 Cognitive Architectures

Symbolist Architectures

Connectionist Models

References


15 Resource Management and Time-Sharing

Overview

Serial Allocation

Parallel Allocation

Serial Competition

Parallel Competition

Synthesis of the Optimal Model

Conclusion

References


16 Models of Working Memory

Phenomena of Working Memory

Models of Working Memory

References


17 Training Models to Estimate Training Costs for New Systems

Overview

Skill Development

Models for Predicting Human Performance

Engineering Guidance without an All-inclusive Model

Use of Rapid Prototyping and Quick Empirical Evaluations

Needed Research

References


18 Modeling Scenarios for Action

Fixed Scenarios

Scenarios with Simple Contingencies

Modeling More Complex Scenarios

References


19 Modeling and Predicting Human Error

Introduction

Error Modeling

References


20 Modeling Decision Making for System Design

Why Decision Making Seems Easy to Model—Sometimes

Implication for Modeling Operator Performance

Modeling without Optimality

Making Behavior More Model-like

Testing the Limits of Decision Making

References


21 Knowledge Elicitation and Representation

Knowledge Elicitation

Knowledge Representation

Mental Models and Design Decisions

References


22 Afterword

Part IV


23 Findings and Recommendations

Desirable Attributes and Types of Models

Adequacy of Models for the A3I Design Facility

Validation

Need for Access to Human Factors Data Base

Broader Context of Computational Human Factors

Importance of the System Design Context for Research on Models

Focusing the A3I Program

Providing a Framework and a Box of Tools