Kenya: A Natural Outlook

Series Page

Foreword

Introduction

Contributors

Section I: Natural Resources

Chapter 1. General Geology of Kenya

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 The Nyanzian Shield

3 The Kisii Group

4 Mozambique Belt

5 Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Sediments

6 Tertiary and Quaternary Volcanics

7 Tertiary and Quaternary Sediments

References

Chapter 2. Mineral, Oil and Gas Resources

Abstract

1 Mineral Resources

2 Oil and Gas Resources

References

Chapter 3. Relief, Physiography and Drainage

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Major Physical Regions of Kenya

3 The Drainage Patterns

References

Chapter 4. Quaternary Evolution

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 The Western Kenya Region

3 The Kenya Rift System

4 The Eastern Kenya Region

5 The Coastal Kenya Region

References

Chapter 5. Climate

Abstract

1 The Climate of Kenya

2 Air Masses in Kenya

3 Rainfall and Temperature

4 Climatic Regions in Kenya

5 Climate and Agriculture

6 Climate Extremes

7 A Note on Meteorologic Networks and Observations in Kenya

References

Further-Reading

Chapter 6. Remote Sensing Application Supporting IWRM in Kenya

Abstract

1 Concept of Remote Sensing

2 Status of Stored Water in Kenya

3 Contribution of Geospatial Information in Supporting IWRM

4 Case Studies

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 7. Surface Flows for People and Wildlife in the Transboundary Mara River Basin

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Environmental Flow Assessment to Set the Reserve

3 Results of the Assessment

4 Implications of Environmental Flow Recommendations

References

Chapter 8. Groundwater Distribution and Aquifer Characteristics in Kenya

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Groundwater Distribution and Aquifer Characteristics of Sedimentary Rocks of Northern Kenya

3 Groundwater Distribution and Aquifer Characteristics of Sedimentary Rocks of Coastal Kenya

4 Groundwater Distribution and Aquifer Characteristics of Sedimentary Rocks of Lamu Island

5 Groundwater Distribution and Aquifer Characteristics of Intrusive and Volcanics of Rift Valley

6 Groundwater Distribution and Aquifer Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks

References

Chapter 9. Coastal Waters

Abstract

1 Composition and Temperature

2 Pollution

3 Tidal Movements

4 A Note on Coastal Management

References

Chapter 10. Renewable Energy Resources in Kenya

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Solar Energy

3 Wind Energy

4 Hydropower

5 Geothermal Power Generation

6 Tidal

7 Biogas and Biofuels

References

Chapter 11. Major Soil and Data Types in Kenya

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Materials and Methods

3 Results and Discussions

3 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 12. Vegetation

Abstract

1 Ecoregions, Vegetation Zones and Land Cover

2 Land Cover Change in Kenya

3 Results

4 Discussion

5 Protected Areas in Kenya

6 Land Cover on Protected Areas

References

Chapter 13. Agricultural Expansion and Its Consequences in the Taita Hills, Kenya

Abstract

1 Introduction: Land-Cover Change in Sub-Saharan Africa

2 Study Area: The Taita Hills Are Islands in the Sea of Savanna

3 Material and Methods: Land-Cover-Change Studies Using Two Scales

4 Results: Loss of Indigenous Forests in the Hills and Agricultural Expansion in the Lowlands

5 Discussion: Endangered Ecosystem Services

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 14. The Importance of Fire Ecology in Protected Areas Management

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Fires in Africa

References

Chapter 15. Importance and Dynamics of the Mangroves in Kenya

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Threats to Kenyan Mangroves

3 Conservation Measures

References

Chapter 16. Freshwater Ecology of Kenyan Highlands and Lowlands

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Kenya Water Towers

3 Freshwater Ecosystems of Athi River Basin

4 Freshwater Ecosystems of Tana River Basin

5 Freshwater Ecosystems of Ewaso Ng'iro Basin

6 Freshwater Ecosystems of Lake Victoria Basin

7 Freshwater Ecosystems of the Rift Valley Basin

8 Discussion

References

Chapter 17. The Management of Wildlife and Fisheries Resources in Kenya: Origins, Present Challenges and Future Perspectives

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Transitions

3 Management and Mitigation of Human–Wildlife Conflict in Kenya

4 Case Study 1: Human–Elephant Conflict and Attempted Mitigation Measures in Laikipia County

5 Case Study 2: Livestock Depredation and the Use of Monetary Compensation in Amboseli, Kenya

6 Laikipia

7 Wildlife Protection and Antipoaching Operations

8 The Development and Role of Wildlife Civil Society Organizations

9 The Kenya Fisheries Sector

10 Conclusions

References

Chapter 18. Environmental Impact Assessment in Kenya

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 The Environmental Impact Assessment Process

3 Public Consultation and Participation in Environmental Assessment

4 Social Dimensions in Environmental Impact Assessment

5 Legislative and Regulatory Framework for Environmental Management in Kenya

References

Section II: Natural Hazards

Chapter 19. Seismic Hazard

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Tectonic Setting, Seismicity, and Seismic Hazards in Kenya

3 Seismicity and Seismic Hazards

4 Tsunami Potential Along the East African Coast

5 Conclusion

References

Further-Reading

Chapter 20. Overview of Landslide Occurrences in Kenya: Causes, Mitigation, and Challenges

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Types and Causes of Landslides

3 Causative Factors of Landslides in Kenya

4 Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts of Landslides in Kenya

5 Landslide Mitigation: How to Reduce the Effects of Landslides

6 Way Forward

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 21. Floods in Kenya

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 History of the Major Floods in Kenya

3 Flood Hazards in Kenya

4 Impacts of Floods in Kenya

5 Vulnerability Indices for the Flood-Prone Areas

6 Flood Hazards Map for Kenya

References

Further Reading

Chapter 22. Coastal Erosion

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Causes and Impacts of Coastal Erosion

3 Extreme Events

4 Management of the Shoreline

References

Chapter 23. Monitoring Drought with the Combined Drought Index in Kenya

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Drought Definitions, Types and Estimation

3 Methodology for Calculating the Combined Drought Index

4 Droughts in Kenya, Measured by the CDI

5 Long-Term Trends of Drought Events in Kenya

6 Short-Term Forecast of Drought by the CDI

7 Conclusions

References

Conclusions

1 Challenges due to Lack of Data

2 Challenges Posed by Lack of Integrated Approach in Exploitation of Natural Resources

3 Opportunities

4 Knowledge Application and Sharing

References

Index