Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia

Editor-in-Chief: J. A. Kaplan MD Professor of Anesthesiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Dean Emeritus, School of Medicine, Former Chancellor, Health Sciences Center, Professor of Anesthesiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY , Associate Editors: G. R. Manecke Jr MD Cardiac Anesthesia, Professor and Chair of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, P. Slinger MD Thoracic Anesthesia, Professor of Anaesthesia, The University of Toronto, The Toronto Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, C.-J. Jakobsen MD Vascular Anesthesia & Critical Care Medicine, EACTA Past President, Professor of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark, Section Editors: P. G. Barash MD Review Articles, Professor, Department of Anesthesia, Yale University, New Haven, CT, G. Landoni MD Review Articles, Head of Research, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular, Anesthesia, Vita-Salute University of Milano, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy, G. R. Manecke Jr MD Emerging Technology Reviews, Professor and Chair of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, M. Ranucci MD Emerging Technology Reviews, EACTA President, Director of Clinical Research, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy, L. Shore-Lesserson MD Case Conference, Associate Professor and Chief, Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, M. A. Chaney MD Case Conference, Professor, Director of Cardiac Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, L. A. Fleisher MD, FACC Pro and Con, Professor and Chair, Department of Anesthesia, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, B. L. Milas MD Pro and Con, Department of Anesthesia, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, P. S. Pagel MD, PhD Diagnostic Dilemmas, Professor and Director of Cardiac Anesthesia, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, J. G. T. Augoustides MD, FASE Literature Review, Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, G. Silvay MD, PhD Cardiac Calendar, Professor of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, B. S. Rasmussen MD Supplements, EACTA Scientific Secretary, Department of Cardiothoracic & Vascular Anesthesia, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark, F. Mahmood MD E-Challenges & Clinical Decisions, Director, Vascular Anesthesia and Echocardiography, Beth Israel Medical Center, Boston, MA, M. Swaminathan MD E-Challenges & Clinical Decisions, Associate Professor of Anesthesiology, Director, Perioperative Echocardiography, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, D. A. Banks MD Cardiac Anesthesia Fellow's Education, Director, Cardiac Anesthesia, Associate Professor, Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, Managing Editors: N. G. Kaplan Encinitas, CA, D. W. Alkofer PhD Louisville, KY, J. Musson San Diego, CA, Editors: J. H. Aberbathy, III MD, MPH, FASE Charleston, SC, S. Akhtar MD New Haven, CT, O. Alfieri MD Milan, Italy, R. P. Alston MBChB, MD, FRCA, FFPFRCA Edinburgh, UK, D. B. Andropoulos MD Houston, TX, V. C. Baum MD Charlottesville, VA, E. Bennett-Guerrero MD Durham, NC, G. Biondi-Zoccai MD Latina, Italy, S. C. Body MB, ChB, FANZCA Boston, MA, T. A. Bowdle MD Seattle, WA, J. H. Campos MD Iowa City, IA, M. Cannesson MD, PhD Orange, CA, M. Capdeville MD Cleveland, OH, A. Carpentier MD, PhD Paris, France, D. C. H. Cheng MD, MSc, FRCPC London, ON, Canada, A. Coetzee MD, PhD Tygerberg, South Africa, E. Cohen MD New York, NY, P. Colson MD, PhD Montpellier, France, G. J. Crystal PhD Chicago, IL, S. G. De Hert MD, PhD Ghent, Belgium, A. Y. Denault MD, PhD, Montreal, PQ, Canada, W. Dietrich MD Munich, Germany, J. A. DiNardo MD Boston, MA, B. Drenger MD Jerusalem, Israel, F. Filsoufi MD New York, NY, G. W. Fischer MD New York, NY, S. Garwood BSc, MBChB, FRCA New Haven, CT, S. Gelman MD Boston, MA, E. M. Golts MD San Diego, CA, A. M. Grigore MD, MHS, FASE Baltimore, MD, H. P. Grocott MD, FRCPC, FASE, Winnepeg, MB, Canada, R. Groom CCP Portland, ME, F. Guarracino MD Pisa, Italy, R. I. Hall MD, FCCP Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, P. M. Heerdt MD, PhD, FAHA New York, NY, E. A. Hessel, II MD, FACS Lexington,