American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics

Editor-in-Chief: Vincent G. Kokich, DDS, MSD University of Washington, Department of Orthodontics, Seattle, WA, Editor Emeritus: David L. Turpin, DDS, MSD Auburn, WA, Managing Editor: Chris Burke Seattle, WA, Associate Editors: , Dental Materials Theodore Eliades, DDS MS, PhD Nea Ionia, Greece, Evidence-based Dentistry Padhraig Fleming, MSc, MOrth, FDS (Orth) London, United Kingdom, Resident's Journal Review Dan Grauer, DDS, MSD, PhD Chapel Hill, NC, Ethics in Orthodontics Peter M. Greco, DMD Philadelphia, PA, Imaging Demetrios J. Halazonetis, DMD, MS Kifissia, Greece, Evidence-based Dentistry Greg Huang, DMD, MSD, MPH Seattle, WA, Litigation and Legislation Laurance Jerrold, DDS, JD Jacksonville, FL, Continuing Education Allen H. Moffitt, DMD, MSD Murray, KY, Clinician's Corner Gerald Nelson, DDS Oakland, CA, Techno Bytes Robert P. Scholz, DDS Discovery Bay, CA, TMD Function John W. Stockstill, BS, DDS, MS Augusta, GA, Growth and Developmen Leslie A. Will, DMD, MSD Boston, MA, American Board of Orthodontics Chung-Hsi Chung, DMD, MS Philadelphia, PA, Staff: Carol Haufler Journal Manager, Elsevier Inc., Philadelphia, PA, Jane Ryley Publisher, Elsevier Inc., St. Louis, MO, Editorial Review Board: , Materials Kazuhito Arai Tokyo, Japan, Michael Bagby Morgantown, WV, David W. Berzins Milwaukee, WI, Christoph Bourauel Bonn, Germany, Tamar Brosh Tel Aviv, Israel, Samuel Jack Burrow Chapel Hill, NY, Charles Burstone Farmington, CT, Tamer Buyukyilmaz Adana, Turkey, Vittorio Cacciafesta Pavia, Italy, Jie Chen Indianapolis, IN, Kwangchul Choy Seoul, Republic of Korea, Dipak N. Chudasama Irving, TX, Manville G. Duncanson Oklahoma City, OK, George Eliades Athens, Greece, Andreas Faltermeier Regensbug, Germany, Alvaro A. Figueroa Chicago, IL, Timothy Foley London, ON, Canada, Maria Enrica Fracasso Verona, Italy, Wolfgang Heiser Innsbruck, Austria, Farzin Heravi Mashad, Iran, Ross S. Hobson Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom, Tony Ireland Bristol, United Kingdom, Haruo Ishikawa Tokyo, Japan, Thomas R. Katona Indianapolis, IN, Arndt Klocke Hamburg, Germany, Michael Knoese Germany, Katherine Kula Indianapolis, IN, Shyh-yuan Lee Taipei, Taiwan, Abraham B. Lifshitz Mexico DF, Mexico, Declan Millett Cork, Ireland, Eliakim Mizrahi Essex, United Kingdom, Clarice Nishio Rio de Janiero, Brazil, Larry Oesterle Denver, CO, J. Martin Palomo Cleveland, OH, William Papaioannou Athens, Greece, Neil Pender Liverpool, United Kingdom, Argy Polychronopoulou Athens, Greece, Donald Raboud Edmondton, Alberta, Canada, P.E. Rossouw Dallas, TX, Chiayi Shen Gainesville, FL, Nikolaos Silikas Manchester, United Kingdom, Louis Taloumis Colorado Springs, CO, Glenys A. Thorstenson Chapel Hill, NC, Eser Tufekci Richmond, VA, John Q. Whitley Chapel Hill, NC, William A. Wiltshire Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, Spiros Zinelis Athens, Greece, Digital Technology Ahmad Abdelkarim Jacksonville, FL, Renata Rodrigues Almeida-Pedrin Bauru, SP, Brazil, Yossi Bar-Zion Los Angeles, CA, Markus Bastir Madrid, Spain, Sebastian Baumgaertel Cleveland, OH, Joseph M. Caruso Loma Linda, CA, Jan Christian Danz Bern, Switzerland, Reyes Enciso Los Angeles, CA, Will Engilman Middletown, KY, Daniel Fried San Francisco, CA, Bernard Friedland Boston, MA, Dan Grauer Chapel Hill, NC, Dan Grauer Chapel Hill, NC, Philipp Gunz Leipzig, Germany, William Edward Harrell Alexander City, AL, Bo Hou Brookline, MA, Yukio Kojima Nagoya, Japan, Mary Kay Miller East Rochester, NY, David E. Paquette Charlotte, NC, John B. Ludlow Chapel Hill, NC, Arthur J. Miller San Francisco, CA, Aaron Molen Auburn, WA, Wouter Mollemans Leuven, Belgium, Frits Rangel Nijmegen, The Netherlands, William Charles Scarfe Louisville, KY, Peter M. Sinclair Los Angeles, CA, Richard G. Standerwick Vancouver, BC, Canada, Diagnosis and Treatment Planning Hussam Abdel-Kader Cairo, Egypt, Ahu Acar Istanbul, Turkey, Z. Mirzen Arat Ankara, Turkey, Tiziano Baccetti Florence, Italy, Sheldon Baumrind Berkeley, CA, Robert E. Binder Newark, NJ, Anna Bocchieri Tricesimo, Italy, K. Hero Breuning Tiel, The Netherlands, Rodrigo Hermont Cancado Bauru, SP, Br