The American Journal of Surgery^®

Editor-in-Chief: K. I. Bland MD University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, Associate Editors: L. D. Britt MD, MPH Norfolk, VA, J. E. Fischer MD Boston, MA, J. A. Freischlag MD Baltimore, MD, Emeritus Editor-in-Chief: H. C. Polk, Jr. MD , Editorial Advisory Board: S. Bahrami PhD Vienna, Austria, C. M. Balch MD Baltimore, MD, M. W. Büchler, MD Heidelberg, Germany, R. D. Beacuchamp MD Nashville, TN, H. G. Beger MD Ulm, Germany, H. Bismuth MD Villejuif, France, J-M. Cavaillon PhD Paris, France, I. H. Chaudry PhD Birmingham, AL, W.G. Cioffi MD Providence, RI, G. P. Clagett MD Dallas, TX, O. H. Clark MD San Francisco, CA, J. R. Clarke MD Philadelphia, PA, M. J. Curet MD Menlow Park, CA, A. Darzi London, UK, E. A. Deitch MD Newark, NJ, S. A. De Jong MD Maywood, IL, C. W. Deveney MD Portland, OR, D. E. Eckhoff MD Birmingham, AL, J. S. Economou MD, PhD Los Angelels, CA, M. J. Edwards MD Cincinnati, OH, E. C. Ellison MD Columbus, OH, D. B. Evans MD Houston, TX, D. V. Feliciano MD Atlanta, GA, L. M. Flint, Jr. MD Chicago, IL, E. W. Fonkalsrud MD Los Angeles, CA, D. E. Fry MD Albuquerque, NM, O. J. Garden Edinburgh, UK, M. Golshan MD Boston, MA, M. T. Hawn MD Birmingham, AL, S. Helton MD New Haven, CT, M. J. Heslin MD Birmingham, AL, J. G. Hunter MD Portland, OR, K. Itani MD Boston, MA, F. E. Johnson MD St. Louis, MO, S. Kaiser MD New York, NY, L. R. Kaiser MD Philadelphia, PA, M. M. Kemeny MD Jamaica, NY, R. Kozar MD, PhD Houston, TX, T. M. Krummel MD Stanford, CA, F. Lacaine MD Paris, France, E. Livingston MD Dallas, TX, S. F. Lowry MD New Brunswick, NJ, T. G. Lynch MD Omaha, NE, M. A. Malangoni MD Cleveland, OH, G. R. Mason MD, PhD River Forest, IL, D. W. McFadden MD Burlington, VT, C. R. McHenry MD Cleveland, OH, J. W. Meredith MD Winston-Salem, NC, T. Miller MD Richmond, VA, S. Mizrahi MD Beer-Sheva, Israel, F. A. Moore MD Houston ,TX, D. M. Nagorney MD Rochester, MN, M. B. Orringer MD Ann Arbor, MI, P. W. T. Pisters MD Houston, TX, J. L. Ponsky MD Cleveland, OH, M. C. Posner MD Chicago, IL, P. Reissman MD Jerusalem, Israel, J. D. Richardson MD Louisville, KY, A.S. Rosemurgy MD Tampa, FL, L. W. Rue, III MD Birmingham, AL, G. A. Sarosi, Jr. MD Gainesvilles, FL, M. G. Sarr MD Rochester, MN, P. J. Schenarts MD Greenville, NC, D. M. Schroder MD Grosse Point Shores, MI, C. E. H. Scott-Conner MD Iowa City, IA, K. W. Sharp MD Nashville, TN, J. M. Shuck MD Cleveland, OH, E. D. Staren MD, PhD Toledo, OH, R. W. Strong MD Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, J. Thompson MD Omaha, NE, C. M. Townsend MD Galveston, TX, S. M. Vickers MD Minneapolis, MN, B. W. Warner MD Cincinnati, OH, R. J. Weigel MD, PhD Iowa City, IA, R. M. Zollinger, Jr. MD Cleveland, OH, Society Representatives: J. Vetto MD North Pacific Surgical Association, S. M. Feldman MD American Society of Breast Surgeons, R. M. Stewart MD Southwestern Surgical Congress, S. Steinemann MD Association for Surgical Education, M. D. Basson MD, PhD Association of VA Surgeons, S. F. Sener MD The Midwest Surgical Association, K. Butler MD The Society of Black Academic Surgerons, A. Cochran MD Association of Women Surgeons, T. Duane MD Association of Women Surgeons, A. B. Reed MD Association of Women Surgeons, Managing Editor: C. A. Moore University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, Emeritus Members of the Editorial Advisory Board: L. C. Carey MD Tampa, FL, I. Cohn, Jr. MD New Orleans, LA, D. E. Detmer MD Charlottesville, VA, R. H. Egdahl MD Boston, MA, E. H. Farthmann MD Freiburg, Germany, A. Fingerhut MD Poissy, France, M. R. Gaspar MD Long Beach, CA, Y. Idezuki MD Tokyo, Japan, A. S. Ketcham MD Miami, FL, F. G. Moody MD Houston, TX, E. E. Moore MD Denver, CO, W. H. Muller, Jr. MD Charlottesville, VA, D. L. Nahrwold MD Chicago, IL, J. S. Najarian MD Minneapolis, MN, J. F. Patino MD Bogota, Colombia, E. E. Peacock, Jr. MD Chapel Hill, NC, L. F. Rikkers MD Madison, WI, W. J. Rudowski MD Warsaw, Poland, P. B. Samuels MD Tarzana, CA, G. F. Sheldon MD Chapel Hill, NC, J. S. Spratt, Jr. MD Louisville, KY, H. H. Stone MD Phoenix, AZ, R. K. Tompkins MD