Amino Acids and Derivatives

The Biochemistry of Plants

1st Edition - September 28, 1980
Editor: B. J. Miflin
Language: English
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 1 - 4 8 3 2 - 2 0 3 5 - 2

The Biochemistry of Plants: A Comprehensive Treatise, Volume 5: Amino Acids and Derivatives provides information pertinent to the fundamental aspects of plant biochemistry relating… Read more

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The Biochemistry of Plants: A Comprehensive Treatise, Volume 5: Amino Acids and Derivatives provides information pertinent to the fundamental aspects of plant biochemistry relating to the metabolism of amino acids with emphasis on amino acids present in proteins. This book discusses the metabolism of sulfur and nitrogen from the inorganic sources available to plants through their incorporation into organic compounds. Organized into 17 chapters, this volume begins with an overview of some aspects of the biochemistry of symbiotic nitrogen fixation. This text then examines the ultrastructure and metabolism of the developing nodule with particular emphasis on interactions between the host legumes and the bacterial symbiont. Other chapters consider the characteristics of the enzymes involved in nitrate and nitrite reduction. The final chapter deals with the essential roles of amino acids and other soluble nitrogenous compounds in plant metabolism. This book is a valuable resource for plant biochemists, neurobiochemists, molecular biologists, senior graduate students, and research workers.

List of Contributors

General Preface

Preface to Volume 5

1 Biochemistry of Nitrogen Fixation

I. Introduction

II. Biochemistry of Nitrogenase

III. Physiological Aspects of Nitrogen Fixation

IV. Conclusions

References

2 Ultrastructure and Metabolism of the Developing Legume Root Nodule

I. Introduction

II. Legumes and the Symbiotic Genus Rhizobium

III. Ultrastructure of Developing Legume Nodules

IV. Biobhemistry of Developing Legume Nodules

V. Directions for Future Research

References

3 Nitrate and Nitrite Reduction

I. Introduction

II. Enzymatic Reduction of Nitrate

III. Enzymatic Reduction of Nitrite

IV. Enzymatic Reduction of Hydroxylamine

V. Location of Enzymes of Nitrate Assimilation

VI. Regulation of Nitrate Reductase

VII. Nitrate Availability in Higher Plants

VIII. Applied Research with Nitrate Reductase

References

4 Ammonia Assimilation

I. Introduction

II. Evidence for Distinguishing between Pathways

III. Assimilation in Tissues

IV. Control of Ammonia Assimilation

V. Conclusions

References

5 Assimilation of Inorganic Sulfate into Cysteine

I. Introduction

II. Sulfate Uptake

III. Sulfate Activation

IV. Formation of Bound Sulfite

V. Reduction of Bound Sulfite

VI. Reduction of Free Sulfite

VII. Incorporation of Free and Bound Sulfite into Cysteine

VIII. Sulfur Flux

IX. Regulation of Sulfate Assimilation

References

6 Physical and Chemical Properties of Amino Acids

I. Introduction

II. Physical Properties, Acid-Base Behavior, and Separation of Amino Acids

III. Instability of Amino Acids

IV. Chemical Reactions of Amino Acids

V. Conclusion

References

7 Enzymes of Glutamate Formation: Glutamate Dehydrogenase, Glutamine Synthetase, and Glutamate Synthase

I. Introduction

II. Glutamate Dehydrogenase

III. Glutamine Synthetase

IV. Glutamate Synthase

V. Control of Enzyme Levels

References

8 Aminotransferases in Higher Plants

I. Introduction

II. Role of Aminotransferases in Plant Metabolism

III. Enzymology of Plant Aminotransferases

IV. Isoenzymes and the Subcellular Distribution of Aminotransferases

References

9 Synthesis and Interconversion of Glycine and Serine

I. Introduction

II. Synthesis of Glycine and Serine

III. Interconversion of Glycine and Serine

IV. Concluding Remarks

References

10 Arginine Synthesis, Proline Synthesis, and Related Processes

I. Introduction

II. Arginine Synthesis and the Ornithine Cycle

III. Proline Synthesis

IV. Interconnections Between Metabolic Pathways of Arginine and Proline

V. Summary

References

11 Synthesis of the Aspartate Family and Branched-Chain Amino Acids

I. Introduction

II. Biosynthetic Mechanisms

III. Regulatory Mechanisms

IV. Integration of Amino Acid Biosynthesis

V. Demonstration of Biosynthetic Regulation in Vivo

VI. Summary and Conclusions

References

12 Sulfur Amino Acids in Plants

I. Introduction

II. Cysteine Biosynthesis

III. Methionine

IV. Glutathione

V. S-Methylmethionine

VI. S-Methylcysteine and Its Derivatives

VII. Reprise

References

13 Aromatic Amino Acid Biosynthesis and Its Regulation

I. Introduction

II. Shikimate Pathway

III. Synthesis of Chorismate

IV. Recycling of Shikimate and Quinate

V. Metabolism of Chorismate

VI. Intracellular Localization and Metabolite Pools

VII. Conclusion

References

14 Histidine Biosynthesis

I. Introduction

II. The Pathway

III. Control of the Pathway

IV. Conclusion

References

15 Amino Acid Catabolism

I. Introduction

II. Alkyl Amino Acids

III. Hydroxyamino Acids

IV. Aromatic Amino Acids

V. Acidic Amino Acids and Amides

VI. Basic Amino Acids

VII. Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids

VIII. Imino Acids

IX. Concluding Statements

References

16 Transport and Metabolism of Asparagine and Other Nitrogen Compounds within the Plant

I. Transport of N within the Plant

II. Pathways of Asparagine Metabolism

III. Enzymology of Asparagine Metabolism

IV. Metabolism of Other Transport Compounds

V. Conclusions

References

17 Accumulation of Amino Acids and Related Compounds in Relation to Environmental Stress

I. Introduction

II. Mineral Element Stresses

III. Water Stress

IV. Temperature Stress

V. Pathogen and Predator Relationships

VI. Concluding Remarks

References

Index

Contents of Other Volumes