Plant Biotechnology

Preface

Introduction

Part I. Basic Techniques in Plant Biotechnology


1. Vectors for Gene Transfer in Higher Plants


1.1 Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation


1.2 Agrobacterium Vectors


1.3 Uses of Agrobacterium Vectors


1.4 Host Range of Agrobacterium


1.5 Alternative DNA Transfer Methods


1.6 Conclusions

References


2. Methods for Transforming Plant Cells


2.1 Transformation of Dicotyledenous Plants


2.2 Transformation of Monocotyledenous Plants


2.3 Conclusions and Future Prospects

Addendum

References


3. Techniques in Plant Cell and Tissue Culture


3.1 Clonal Propagation


3.2 Somaclonal Variation


3.3 Gametoclonal Variation


3.4 In Vitro Cell Selection—Mutant Isolation


3.5 Protoplast Fusion


3.6 Synthesis of Secondary Products


3.7 Concluding Remarks

References


4. Selected Topics in the Genetic Manipulation of the Nuclear Genome


4.1 Chromosome Transfer


4.2 Microcell Transfer


4.3 Microinjection


4.4 Conclusion

References


5. Regulation and Expression of Plant Genes in Microorganisms


5.1 Recognition of Plant Sequences that Function as Promoters of Transcription in Microorganisms


5.2 Increasing the Rate of Transcription of Cloned Genes


5.3 Translational Features of Plant Gene Expression and Regulation


5.4 Recognition of Plant Signal Peptides


5.5 Assembly of Multisubunit Plant Proteins


5.6 Production of Proteins for Commercial Applications and Analytical Studies


5.7 Synthesis of Plant Proteins for Screening and Clone Identification


5.8 Complementation of Bacterial Mutations


5.9 Protein Stability, Solubility, and Accumulation


5.10 Expression in Other Bacterial Species

References

Part II. Regulation of Gene Expression in Plants


6. The Molecular Architecture of Plant Genes and their Regulation


6.1 The Elements of Primary Structure


6.2 The Analysis of Primary Structure


6.3 Functional Organization of Genes


6.4 The Use of Computers in Structural Analyses


6.5 Storage Protein Genes


6.6 Light-Induced Genes


6.7 Stress-Induced Genes


6.8 Nodulation Genes


6.9 Housekeeping Genes


6.10 Conclusion

References


7. Induction, Commitment, and Progression of Plant Embryogenesis


7.1 Developmental Biology of Embryogenesis


7.2 Somatic Embryogenesis


7.3 Gene Expression in Carrot Culture


7.4 Immunological Approach to the Identification of Developmentally Regulated Genes


7.5 Conclusion

References


8. Photoregulation of Gene Expression in Plants


8.1 Effects of Light on rRNA Gene Expression


8.2 Effects of Light on Transcript Abundance


8.3 Effects of Plant Hormones


8.4 Chloroplast Transcript Accumulation


8.5 Plastid Development and Nuclear Gene Expression


8.6 Gene Transfer Experiments


8.7 Trans-Acting Factors and Transcription In Vitro


8.8 Conclusion

References


9. Hormonal and Stress Regulation of Gene Expression in Cereal Aleurone Layers


9.1 The Cereal Aleurone Layers


9.2 Effect of Gibberellins on Gene Expression


9.3 Effect of ABA on Gene Expression


9.4 Summary and Perspective

References


10. Auxin-Regulated Gene Expression in Plants


10.1 Enhancement of Specific Translational Products by IAA in Pea Tissue


10.2 Isolation of DNA Sequences Complementary to Some IAA-Regulated mRNAs in Pea


10.3 Characterization of the Hormonal Response


10.4 Dose Response Curve


10.5 Model for Regulation of the Auxin Genes


10.6 Conclusions and Future Directions

References


11. Cytokinin-Modulated Macromolecular Synthesis and Gene Expression


11.1 Active Forms of Cytokinins


11.2 Cytokinin-Regulated Synthesis of Macromolecules


11.3 The Complex Nature of Cytokinin-Regulated Gene Expression


11.4 Regulation of Gene Expression by Combinations of Hormones


11.5 Enhancement of Light-Regulated Gene Expression by Cytokinin


11.6 Cytokinin-Binding Molecules


11.7 Concluding Remarks

References


12. Organization and Expression of Genes for Photosynthetic Pigments-Protein Complexes in Photosynthetic Bacteria


12.1 Metabolic Versatility


12.2 Photosynthetic Apparatus


12.3 Organization of Genes Coding for LH, RC, and Pigment Biosynthetic Enzymes and Cytochromes


12.4 Regulation of Expression of the Genes Coding for LH, RC, Bchl, and Crt Biosynthesis


12.5 Conclusion

References

Part III. Prospects for Manipulation of Chloroplast Genomes


13. Organization and Expression of the Nicotiana Chloroplast Genome


13.1 Chloroplast DNA


13.2 Genes for rRNAs


13.3 Genes for tRNAs


13.4 Genes for Stromal Polypeptides


13.5 Genes for Thylakoid Polypeptides


13.6 Gene Expression


13.7 Conclusions

References


14. Genetic Manipulation of the Chloroplast Genome


14.1 Chloroplast Transformation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens


14.2 The Chloroplast Genome


14.3 Introduction of DNA into Plastids


14.4 Integration of Foreign Genes into Chloroplast DNA


14.5 Autonomously Replicating Plasmids


14.6 Selectable Markers for Chloroplast Transformation


14.7 Prospects

References


15. A Perspective on the Biotechnology of Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase


15.1 Properties of Rubisco


15.2 Fixing Rubisco


15.3 Molecular Analysis of Rubisco Function


15.4 Cloning and Expression of Hexadecameric Rubisco


15.5 Fixing Plants


15.6 Some Critical Reservations


15.7 Alternative Biological Strategies for Enhancing Photosynthesis

Addendum

References


16. Applications of Nucleic Acid Electron Microscopy and In Situ Hybridization Techniques in the Study of Plant Genomes


16.1 Electron Microscopy of Organelle Genomes


16.2 DNA-DNA Heteroduplex Analysis


16.3 Electron Microscopy of DNA-RNA Hybrids


16.4 Localization of DNA Replication Initiation Sites by Electron Microscopy


16.5 Chromosomal Localization of Cloned Genes by In Situ Hybridization

References


17. Molecular Evolution of Nicotiana Chloroplast Genomes


17.1 Chloroplast Genomes


17.2 Commonality and Diversity of Nicotiana Chloroplast Genomes


17.3 Molecular Evolution of Nicotiana Chloroplast Genomes


17.4 Concluding Remarks

References

Part IV. Applications of Biotechnology in Plant Systems


18. Genetic Engineering for Crop Improvement


18.1 Plant Transformation


18.2 Crop Improvement


18.3 Conclusions

References

Index