An Introduction to Equilibrium Thermodynamics

Preface

Chapter 1 First Law of Thermodynamics


1-1 Thermodynamics


1-2 Temperature


1-3 Equilibrium Concepts


1-4 Systems


1-5 Perfect Gas as a Thermometer


1-6 Work


1-7 Heat


1-8 Heat Capacity


1-9 First Law of Thermodynamics


1-10 Energy of a Perfect Gas (Translational Degrees of Freedom)


1-11 Thermodynamic Properties


1-12 Specific Heat at Constant Volume


1-13 Specific Heat at Constant Pressure


1-14 Reversible Process


1-15 Carnot Cycle


1-16 Non-mechanical Work

(a) Work Due to Elastic Strain

(b) Work Due to Charging a Capacitor

(c) Work Due to Inductance and Resistance

(d) Work Due to Magnetism (Paramagnetic Material)

Problems

References

Chapter 2 The Statistical Inference of Thermodynamics


2-1 Systems and Ensembles


2-2 Probability


2-3 Uncertainty of the Statistics


2-4 Entropy and Equilibrium


2-5 The Probability Distribution


2-6 Alternate Method of Formulating the Probability Distribution


2-7 The Partition Function


2-8 The Third Law of Thermodynamics


2-9 Grand Partition Function

Problems

References

Chapter 3 Ideal Gas System: Maxwell-Boltzmann, Fermi-Dirac, Bose-Einstein


3-1 Schrödinger Wave Equation


3-2 Wave Equation for Ideal Monatomic Gas


3-3 Subsystems


3 -4 Degeneracy


3-5 The Ideal Monatomic Gas


3-6 Maxwell-Boltzmann Distributions


3-7 Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein Gases


3-8 The Ideal MB Gas as the Limit of FD and BE Statistics


3-9 Black Body Radiation (An Example of a Photon Gas)


3-10 Electron Gas in Metals (Perfect Electron Gas)

Problems

References

Chapter 4 Ideal Diatomic Gas and Perfect Crystal


4-1 Model of Ideal Diatomic Gas


4-2 Translational Partition Function


4-3 Rotational Partition Function


4-4 Vibrational Partition Function — Harmonic Oscillator


4-5 Electronic Partition Function


4-6 Summary of Diatomic Gas


4-7 Perfect Crystal

Problems

References

Chapter 5 Second Law of Thermodynamics


5-1 A Macroscopic Look at Entropy


5-2 Second Law of Thermodynamics


5-3 Entropy in a Reversible System


5-4 Entropy in an Irreversible System


5-5 Clausius' Inequality

Problems

References

Chapter 6 Thermodynamic Functions


6-1 Transformation of Thermodynamic Variables


6-2 Legendre Transformation


6-3 Enthalpy


6-4 Helmholtz Function


6-5 Gibbs Function


6-6 Relationship Between Helmholtz and Massieu Functions


6-7 Legendre Transformation of Entropic Form of the Fundamental Equation


6-8 Maxwell Relations


6-9 Example Problem—Osmosis


6-10 Extensive and Intensive Thermodynamic State Parameters


6-11 Jacobian Transformations


6-12 Integration of dU

Problems

References

Chapter 7 Flow Systems


7-1 Steady State System


7-2 Pure Substances


7-3 Tabulated Properties


7-4 Some Specific Flow Processes

(a) Steady State Nozzle Flow

(b) Steady State Throttling Process


7-5 General Flow Process

Problems

References

Chapter 8 Thermal Energy Converters


8-1 Closed and Open System Analysis


8-2 Closed System Analysis

(a) Air Standard Otto Cycle

(b) Air Standard Diesel Cycle

(c) Air Standard Brayton Cycle

(d) Other Cycles


8-3 Rankine Cycle

Problems

References

Chapter 9 Non-reactive Mixtures of Ideal Gases


9-1 Mass Fractions and Mole Fractions


9-2 Gibbs-Dalton Law


9-3 Partial Volume Concepts


9-4 Partial Molal and Partial Mass Properties


9-5 Non-reactive Mixtures of Ideal Gases and Vapors

(a) Specific Humidity or Humidity Ratio

(b) Relative Humidity


9-6 Steady State Flow of Gas-Vapor Mixtures

Problems

Chapter 10 An Introduction to Irreversible Thermodynamics


10-1 The Interdependence of the Lagrange Multipliers β and λγ


10-2 Entropy Production


10-3 The Phenomenological Equations


10-4 Onsager Reciprocal Relations


10-5 Examples of Transport

(a) Heat Flow

(b) Membrane Permeability

(c) Electron and Heat Flow

References

Appendix A Units and Dimensions in Thermodynamics

Appendix A Definitions, Constants, and Conversion Factors

Appendix C Steam Tables

Index