Plastics Materials

Preface to Fifth EditionPreface to First Edition1 The Historical Development of Plastics Materials 1.1 Natural Plastics 1.2 Parkesine and Celluloid 1.3 1900-1930 1.4 The Evolution of the Vinyl Plastics 1.5 Developments since 1939 1.6 Raw Materials for Plastics 1.7 The Market for Plastics 1.8 The Future for Plastics2 The Chemical Nature of Plastics 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Behavior 2.3 Further Consideration of Addition Polymerization 2.3.1 Elementary Kinetics of Free Radical Addition Polymerization 2.3.2 Ionic Polymerization 2.4 Condensation Polymerization3 States of Aggregation in Polymers 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Linear Amorphous Polymers 3.2.1 Orientation in Linear Amorphous Polymers 3.3 Crystalline Polymers 3.3.1 Orientation and Crystallization 3.3.2 Liquid Crystal Polymers 3.4 Cross-Linked Structures 3.5 Polyblends 3.6 Summary4 Relation of Structure to Thermal and Mechanical Properties 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Factors Affecting the Glass Transition Temperature 4.3 Factors Affecting the Ability to Crystallize 4.4 Factors Affecting the Crystalline Melting Point 4.5 Some Individual Properties 4.5.1 Melt Viscosity 4.5.2 Yield Strength and Modulus 4.5.3 Density 4.5.4 Impact Strength5 Relation of Structure to Chemical Properties 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Chemical Bonds 5.3 Polymer Solubility 5.3.1 Plasticisers 5.3.2 Extenders 5.3.3 Determination of Solubility Parameter 5.3.4 Thermodynamics and Solubility 5.4 Chemical Reactivity 5.5 Effects of Thermal, Photochemical and High Energy Radiation 5.6 Aging and Weathering 5.7 Diffusion and Permeability 5.8 Toxicity 5.9 Fire and Plastics6 Relation of Structure to Electrical and Optical Properties 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Dielectric Constant, Power Factor and Structure 6.3 Some Quantitative Relationships of Dielectrics 6.4 Electronic Applications of Polymers 6.5 Electrically Conductive Polymers 6.6 Optical Properties7 Additives for Plastics 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Fillers 7.2.1 Coupling Agents 7.3 Plasticisers and Softeners 7.4 Lubricants and Flow Promoters 7.5 Anti-Aging Additives 7.5.1 Antioxidants 7.5.2 Antiozonants 7.5.3 Stabilizers Against Dehydrochlorination 7.5.4 Ultra-Violet Absorbers and Related Materials 7.6 Flame Retarders 7.7 Colorants 7.8 Blowing Agents 7.9 Cross-linking Agents 7.10 Photodegradants8 Principles of the Processing of Plastics 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Melt Processing of Thermoplastics 8.2.1 Hygroscopic Behavior 8.2.2 Granule Characteristics 8.2.3 Thermal Properties Influencing Polymer Melting 8.2.4 Thermal Stability 8.2.5 Flow Properties 8.2.6 Thermal Properties Affecting Cooling 8.2.7 Crystallization 8.2.8 Orientation and Shrinkage 8.3 Melt Processing of Thermosetting Plastics 8.4 Processing in the Rubbery State 8.5 Solution, Suspension and Casting Processes 8.6 Summary9 Principles of Product Design 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Rigidity of Plastics Materials 9.2.1 The Assessment of Maximum Service Temperature 9.3 Toughness 9.3.1 The Assessment of Impact Strength 9.4 Stress-Strain-Time Behavior 9.4.1 The WLF Equations 9.4.2 Creep Curves 9.4.3 Practical Assessment of Long Term Behavior 9.5 Recovery from Deformation 9.6 Distortion, Voids and Frozen-in Stress 9.7 Conclusions10 Polyethylene 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Preparation of Monomer 10.3 Polymerization 10.3.1 High Pressure Polymerization 10.3.2 Ziegler Processes 10.3.3 The Phillips Process 10.3.4 Standard Oil Company (Indiana) Process 10.3.5 Processes for Making Linear Low Density Polyethylene 10.4 Structure and Properties of Polyethylene 10.5 Properties of Polyethylene 10.5.1 Mechanical Properties 10.5.2 Thermal Properties 10.5.3 Chemical Properties 10.5.4 Electrical Properties 10.5.5 Properties of LLDPE and VLDPE 10.6 Additives 10.7 Processing 10.8 Polyethylenes of Low and High Molecular Weight 10.9 Cross-linked Polyethylene 10.10 Chlorinated Polyethylene 10.11 Applications11 Aliphatic Polyolefins other than Polyethylene, and Diene Rubbers 11.1 Polypropylene 11.1.1 Preparation of Polypropylene 11.1.2 Structure and Properties of Polypropylene 11.1.3 Properties of Isotactic Polypropylene 11.1.4 Additives for Isotactic Polypropylene 11.1.5 Processing Characteristics 11.1.6 Applications 11.1.7 Atactic Polypropylene 11.1.8 Chlorinated Polypropylene 11.2 Polybut-1-ene 11.2.1 Atactic Polybut-1-ene 11.3 Polyisobutylene 11.4Poly-(4-Methylpent-1-ene) 11.4.1 Structure and Properties 11.4.2 General Properties 11.4.3 Processing 11.4.4 Applications 11.5 Other Aliphatic Olefin Homopolymers 11.6 Copolymers Containing Ethylene 11.7 Diene Rubbers 11.7.1 Natural Rubber 11.7.2 Synthetic Polyisoprene (IR) 11.7.3 Polybutadiene 11.7.4 Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) 11.7.5 Nitrile Rubber (NBR) 11.7.6 Chloroprene Rubbers (CR) 11.7.7 Butadiene-Pentadiene Rubbers 11.8 Thermoplastic Diene Rubbers 11.9 Aliphatic Olefin Rubbers 11.9.1 Thermoplastic Polyolefin Rubbers 11.10 Rubbery Cyclo-Olefin (Cyclo-Alkene) Polymers 11.10.1 Aliphatic Polyalkenamers 11.10.2 Polynorbornene 11.10.3 Chlorine-Containing Copolymers 11.11 1,2-Polybutadiene12 Vinyl Chloride Polymers 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Preparation of Vinyl Chloride 12.3 Polymerization 12.4 Structure of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) 12.4.1 Characterization of Commercial Polymers 12.5 Compounding Ingredients 12.5.1 Stabilizers 12.5.2 Plasticizers 12.5.3 Extenders 12.5.4 Lubricants 12.5.5 Fillers 12.5.6 Pigments 12.5.7 Polymeric Impact Modifiers and Processing Aids 12.5.8 Miscellaneous Additives 12.5.9 Formulations 12.6 Properties of PVC Compounds 12.7 Processing 12.7.1 Plasticized PVC 12.7.2 Unplasticized PVC 12.7.3 Pastes 12.7.4 Copolymers 12.7.5 Latices 12.8 Applications 12.9 Miscellaneous Products 12.9.1 Crystalline PVC 12.9.2 Chlorinated PVC 12.9.3 Graft Polymers Based on PVC 12.9.4 Vinyl Chloride-Propylene Copolymers 12.9.5 Vinyl Chloride-N-Cyclohexylmaleimide Copolymers13 Fluorine-containing Polymers 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Polytetrafluoroethylene 13.2.1 Preparation of Monomer 13.2.2 Polymerization 13.2.3 Structure and Properties 13.2.4 General Properties 13.2.5 Processing 13.2.6 Additives 13.2.7 Applications 13.3 Tetrafluoroethylene-Hexafluoropropylene Copolymers 13.4 Tetrafluoroethylene-Ethylene Copolymers (ETFE) 13.5 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene Polymers (PCTFE) and Copolymers with Ethylene (ECTFE) 13.6 Poly(Vinyl Fluoride) (PVF) 13.7 Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) 13.8 Perfluoroalkoxy Polymers 13.9 Hexafluoroisobutylene-Vinylidene Fluoride Copolymers 13.10 Fluorine-containing Rubbers 13.11 Miscellaneous Fluoropolymers14 Poly(Vinyl Acetate) and its Derivatives 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Poly(Vinyl Acetate) 14.2.1 Preparation of the Monomer 14.2.2 Polymerization 14.2.3 Properties and Uses 14.3 Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) 14.3.1 Structure and Properties 14.3.2 Applications 14.4 The Poly(Vinyl Acetals) 14.4.1 Poly(Vinyl Formal) 14.4.2 Poly(Vinyl Acetal) 14.4.3 Poly(Vinyl Butyral) 14.5 Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Copolymers 14.6 Poly(Vinyl Cinnamate) 14.7 Other Organic Vinyl Ester Polymers15 Acrylic Plastics 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) 15.2.1 Preparation of Monomer 15.2.2 Polymerization 15.2.3 Structure and Properties 15.2.4 General Properties of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) 15.2.5 Additives 15.2.6 Processing 15.2.7 Applications 15.3 Impact Resistant Methyl Methacrylate Polymers 15.4 Nitrile Resins 15.5 Aery Late Rubbers 15.6 Thermosetting Acrylic Polymers 15.7 Acrylic Adhesives 15.8 Hydrophilic Polymers 15.9 Poly(methacrylimide) 15.10 Miscellaneous Methacrylate and Chloroacrylate Polymers and Copolymers 15.11 Other Acrylic Polymers16 Plastics Based on Styrene 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Preparation of the Monomer 16.2.1 Laboratory Preparation 16.2.2 Commercial Preparation 16.3 Polymerization 16.3.1 Mass Polymerization 16.3.2 Solution Polymerization 16.3.3 Suspension Polymerization 16.3.4 Emulsion Polymerization 16.3.5 Grades Available 16.4 Properties and Structure of Polystyrene 16.5 General Properties 16.6 High-Impact Polystyrenes (HIPS) (Toughened Polystyrenes (TPS)) 16.7 Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymers 16.8 ABS Plastics 16.8.1 Production of ABS Materials 16.8.2 Processing of ABS Materials 16.8.3 Properties and Applications of ABS Plastics 16.9 Miscellaneous Rubber-modified Styrene-Acrylonitrile and Related Copolymers 16.10 Butadiene-Styrene Block Copolymers 16.11 Miscellaneous Polymers and Copolymers 16.12 Stereoregular Polystyrene 16.13 Processing of Polystyrene 16.14 Expanded Polystyrene 16.14.1 Structural Foams 16.15 Oriented Polystyrene 16.16 Applications17 Miscellaneous Vinyl Thermoplastics 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Vinylidene Chloride Polymers and Copolymers 17.2.1 Properties and Applications of Vinylidene Chloride-Vinyl Chloride Copolymers 17.2.2 Vinylidene Chloride-Acrylonitrile Copolymers 17.3 Coumarone-Indene Resins 17.4 Poly(Vinyl Carbazole) 17.5 Poly(Vinyl Pyrrolidone) 17.6 Poly(Vinyl Ethers) 17.7 Other Vinyl Polymers18 Polyamides and Polyimides 18.1 Polyamides : Introduction 18.2 Intermediates for Aliphatic Polyamides 18.2.1 Adipicacid 18.2.2 Hexamethylenediamine 18.2.3 Sebacic Acid and Azelaic Acid 18.2.4 Caprolactam 18.2.5 w-Aminoundecanoic Acid 18.2.6 w-Aminoenanthic Acid 18.2.7 Dodecanelactam 18.3 Polymerization for Aliphatic Polyamides 18.3.1 Nylons 46, 66, 69, 610 and 612 18.3.2 Nylon 6 18.3.3 Nylon 11 18.3.4 Nylon 12 18.3.5 Nylon 7 18.4 Structure and Properties of Aliphatic Polyamides 18.5 General Properties of the Nylons 18.6 Additives 18.7 Glass-filled Nylons 18.8 Processing of the Nylons 18.9 Applications 18.10 Polyamides of Enhanced Solubility 18.11 Other Aliphatic Polyamides 18.12 Aromatic Polyamides 18.12.1 Glass-Clear Polyamides 18.12.2 Poly-m-xylylene Adipamide 18.12.3 Aromatic Polyamide Fibres 18.13 Polyimides 18.14 Modified Polyimides 18.14.1 Polyamide-Imides 18.14.2 Polyetherimides 18.15 Elastomeric Polyamides19 Polyacetals and Related Materials 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Preparation of Formaldehyde 19.3 Acetal Resins 19.3.1 Polymerization of Formaldehyde 19.3.2 Structure and Properties of Acetal Resins 19.3.3 Properties of Acetal Resins 19.3.4 Processing 19.3.5 Additives 19.3.6 Acetal-Polyurethane Alloys 19.3.7 Applications of the Acetal Polymers and Copolymers 19.4 Miscellaneous Aldehyde Polymers 19.5 Polyethers from Glycols and Alkylene Oxides 19.5.1 Elastomeric Polyethers 19.6 Oxetane Polymers 19.7 Polysulphides20 Polycarbonates 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Production of Intermediates 20.3 Polymer Preparation 20.3.1 Ester Exchange 20.4 Relation of Structure and Properties 20.4.1 Variations in Commercial Grades 20.5 General Properties 20.6 Processing Characteristics 20.7 Applications of Bis-Phenol A Polycarbonates 20.8 Alloys based on Bis-Phenol A Polycarbonates 20.9 Commercial Copolymers Based on Bis-Phenol A Polycarbonates 20.10 Miscellaneous Carbonic Ester Polymers21 Other Thermoplastics Containing p-Phenylene Groups 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Polyphenylenes 21.3 Poly-p-xylylene 21.4 Poly(phenylene oxides) and Halogenated Derivatives 21.5 Alkyl Substituted Poly(phenylene oxides) including PPO 21.5.1 Structure and Properties of Poly-(2,6-Dimethyl-Pphenylene Oxide) (PPO) 21.5.2 Processing and Applications of PPO 21.5.3 Blends Based in Polyphenylene Oxides 21.5.4 Processing of Blends Based on PPO 21.5.5 Poly(2,6-Dibromo-1,4-Phenylene Oxide) 21.6 Polyphenylene Sulphides 21.7 Polysulphones 21.7.1 Properties and Structure of Polysulphones 21.7.2 General Properties of Sulphones 21.7.3 Processing of Polysulphones 21.7.4 Applications 21.7.5 Blends Based on Polysulphones 21.8 Aromatic Polyether Ketones 21.9 Phenoxy Resins 21.10 Linear Aromatic Polyesters 21.11 Polyhydantoin Resins 21.12 Poly(Parabanic Acids) 21.13 Summary22 Cellulose Plastics 22.1 Nature and Occurrence of Cellulose 22.2 Cellulose Esters 22.2.1 Cellulose Nitrate 22.2.2 Cellulose Acetate 22.2.3 Other Cellulose Esters 22.3 Cellulose Ethers 588 22.3.1 Ethyl Cellulose 22.3.2 Miscellaneous Ethers 22.4 Regenerated Cellulose 22.5 Vulcanized Fiber23 Phenolic Resins 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Raw Materials 23.2.1 Phenol 23.2.2 Other Phenols 23.2.3 Aldehydes 23.3 Chemical Aspects 23.3.1 Novolaks 23.3.2 Resols 23.3.3 Hardening 23.4 Resin Manufacture 23.5 Molding Powders 23.5.1 Compounding Ingredients 23.5.2 Compounding of Phenol-Formaldehyde Molding Compositions 23.5.3 Processing Characteristics 23.5.4 Properties of Phenolic Moldings 23.5.5 Applications 23.6 Phenolic Laminates 23.6.1 The Properties of Phenolic Laminates 23.6.2 Applications of Phenolic Laminates 23.7 Miscellaneous Applications 23.8 Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Adhesives 23.9 Friedel-Crafts and Related Polymers 23.10 Phenolic Resin Fibers24 Aminoplastics 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Urea-Formaldehyde Resins 24.2.1 Raw Materials 24.2.2 Theories of Resinification 24.2.3 U-F Molding Materials 24.2.4 Adhesives and Related Uses 24.2.5 Foams and Firelighters 24.2.6 Other Applications 24.3 Melamine-Formaldehyde Resins 24.3.1 Melamine 24.3.2 Resinification 24.3.3 Molding Powders 24.3.4 Laminates Containing Melamine-Formaldehyde Resin 24.3.5 Miscellaneous Applications 24.4 Melamine-Phenolic Resins 24.5 Aniline-Formaldehyde Resins 24.6 Resins Containing Thiourea25 Polyester Resins 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Unsaturated Polyester Laminating Resins 25.2.1 Selection of Raw Materials 25.2.2 Production of Resins 25.2.3 Curing Systems 25.2.4 Structure and Properties 25.2.5 Polyester-Glass Fiber Laminates 25.2.6 Water-Extended Polyesters 25.2.7 Allyl Resins 25.3 Polyester Molding Compositions 25.4 Fiber and Film-Forming Polyesters 25.5 Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Molding Materials 25.6 Poly(butylene Terephthalate) 25.7 Poly-(1,4-Cyclohexylenedimethylene Terephthalate-CO-Isophthalate) 25.8 Highly Aromatic Linear Polyesters 25.8.1 Liquid Crystal Polyesters 25.9 Polyester Thermoplastic Elastomers 25.10 Poly(Pivalolactone) 25.11 Polycaprolactones 25.12 Surface Coatings, Plasticizers and Rubbers26 Epoxide Resins 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Preparation of Resins from Bis-Phenol A 26.3 Curing of Glycidyl Ether Resins 26.3.1 Amine Hardening Systems 26.3.2 Acid Hardening Systems 26.3.3 Miscellaneous Hardener Systems 26.3.4 Comparison of Hardening Systems 26.4 Miscellaneous Epoxide Resins 26.4.1 Miscellaneous Glycidyl Ether Resins 26.4.2 Non-Glycidyl Ether Epoxides 26.5 Diluents, Flexibilizers and other Additives 26.6 Structure and Properties of Cured Resins 26.7 Applications27 Polyurethanes and Polyisocyanurates 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Isocyanates 27.3 Fibers and Crystalline Molding Compounds 27.4 Rubbers 734 27.4.1 Cast Polyurethane Rubbers 27.4.2 Millable Gums 27.4.3 Properties and Applications of Cross-Linked Polyurethane Rubbers 27.4.4 Thermoplastic Polyurethane Rubbers and Spandex Fibers 27.5 Flexible Foams 27.5.1 One-Shot Polyester Foams 27.5.2 Polyether Prepolymers 27.5.3 Quasi-Prepolymer Polyether Foams 27.5.4 Polyether One-Shot Foams 27.5.5 Properties and Applications of Flexible Foams 27.6 Rigid and Semi-Rigid Foams 27.6.1 Self-Skinning Foams and the RIM Process 27.7 Coatings Arid Adhesives 27.8 Polyisocyanurates 27.9 Polycarbodi-Imide Resins 27.10 Polyurethane-Acrylic Blends 27.11 Miscellaneous Isocyanate-Based Materials28 Furan Resins 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Preparation of Intermediates 28.3 Resinification 28.4 Properties of the Cured Resins 28.5 Applications29 Silicones and Other Heat-Resisting Polymers 29.1 Introduction 29.1.1 Nomenclature 29.1.2 Nature of Chemical Bonds Containing Silicon 29.2 Preparation of Intermediates 29.2.1 The Grignard Method 29.2.2 The Direct Process 29.2.3 The Olefin Addition Method 29.2.4 Sodium Condensation Method 29.2.5 Rearrangement of Organochlorosilanes 29.3 General Methods of Preparation and Properties of Silicones 29.4 Silicone Fluids 29.4.1 Preparation 29.4.2 General Properties 29.4.3 Applications 29.5 Silicone Resins 29.5.1 Preparation 29.5.2 Properties 29.5.3 Applications 29.6 Silicone Rubbers 29.6.1 Dimethylsilicone Rubbers 29.6.2 Modified Polydimethylsiloxane Rubbers 29.6.3 Compounding 29.6.4 Fabrication and Cross Linking 29.6.5 Properties and Applications 29.6.6 Liquid Silicone Rubbers 29.7 Polymers for Use at High Temperatures 29.7.1 Fluorine-Containing Polymers 29.7.2 Inorganic Polymers 29.7.3 Cross-Linked Organic Polymers 29.7.4 Linear Polymers with p-Phenylene Groups and other Ring Structures 29.7.5 Ladder Polymers and Spiro Polymers 29.7.6 Co-Ordination Polymers 29.7.7 Summary30 Miscellaneous Plastics Materials 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Casein 30.2.1 Chemical Nature 30.2.2 Isolation of Casein from Milk 30.2.3 Production of Casein Plastics 30.2.4 Properties of Casein 30.2.5 Applications 30.3 Miscellaneous Protein Plastics 30.4 Derivatives of Natural Rubber 30.5 Gutta Percha and Related Materials 30.6 Shellac 30.6.1 Occurrence and Preparation 30.6.2 Chemical Composition 30.6.3 Properties 30.6.4 Applications 30.7 Amber 30.7.1 Composition and Properties 30.8 Bituminous PlasticsIndex