Foundations of Wireless and Electronics

Preface to Ninth EditionPreface to Tenth Edition1 General View of a System 1.1 What Wireless Does 1.2 Nature of Sound Waves 1.3 Characteristics of Sound Waves 1.4 Frequency 1.5 Wavelength 1.6 The Sender 1.7 The Receiver 1.8 Electrical Communication by Wire 1.9 Electric Waves 1.10 Why High Frequencies are Necessary 1.11 Radio Telegraphy 1.12 Tuning 1.13 Radio Telephony 1.14 Recapitulation 2 Electricity and Circuits 2.1 Electrons 2.2 Electric Charges and Currents 2.3 Conductors and Insulators 2.4 Electromotive Force 2.5 Electrical Units 2.6 Ohm's Law 2.7 Larger and Smaller Units 2.8 Circuit Diagrams 2.9 Resistances in Series and in Parallel 2.10 Series-Parallel Combinations 2.11 Resistance Analyzed 2.12 Conductance 2.13 Kirchhof as Laws 2.14 P.D. and E.M.F. 2.15 Electrical Effects 2.16 Instruments for Measuring Electricity 2.17 Electrical Power 2.18 A Broader View of Resistance 3 Capacitance 3.1 Charging Currents 3.2 Capacitance: What it is 3.3 Capacitance Analyzed 3.4 Capacitors 3.5 Charge and Discharge of a Capacitor 3.6 Where the Power Goes 3.7 Recapitulation 3.8 Displacement Currents 4 Inductance 4.1 Magnets and Electromagnets 4.2 Interacting Magnetic Fields 4.3 Induction 4.4 Self-Inductance 4.5 Lenz's Law 4.6 Inductance Analyzed 4.7 Practical Considerations 4.8 Growth of Current in an Inductive Circuit 4.9 Power during Growth 4.10 More Comparison and Contrast 4.11 Mutual Inductance 5 Alternating Currents 5.1 Frequencies of Alternating Current 5.2 The Sine Wave 5.3 Circuit with Resistance Only 5.4 R.M.S. Values 5.5 A.C. Meters 5.6 Phase 5.7 Phasor Diagrams 5.8 Adding Alternating Voltages 5.9 Direction Signs 5.10 Subscript Notation 5.11 Current Phasors 6 Capacitance in A.C. Circuits 6.1 Current Flow in a Capacitive Circuit 6.2 Capacitive Current Waveform 6.3 The Ohm's Law' for Capacitance 6.4 Capacitances in Parallel and in Series 6.5 Power in a Capacitive Circuit 6.6 Phasor Diagram for Capacitive Circuit 6.7 Capacitance and Resistance in Series 6.8 Impedance 6.9 Power in Mixed Circuits 6.10 Capacitance and Resistance in Parallel 7 Inductance in A.C. Circuits 7.1 Current Flow in an Inductive Circuit 7.2 The Ohm's Law' for Inductance 7.3 Inductances in Series and in Parallel 7.4 Power in an Inductive Circuit 7.5 Phasor Diagram for Inductive Circuit 7.6 Inductance and Resistance in Series 7.7 Inductance and Resistance in Parallel 7.8 Transformers 7.9 Load Currents 7.10 Transformer Losses 7.11 Impedance Transformation 8 The Tuned Circuit 8.1 Inductance and Capacitance in Series 8.2 L, Cand R all in Series 8.3 The Series Tuned Circuit 8.4 Magnification 8.5 Resonance Curves 8.6 Selectivity 8.7 Frequency of Resonance 8.8 L and C in Parallel 8.9 The Effect of Resistance 8.10 Dynamic Resistance 8.11 Parallel Resonance 8.12 Frequency of Parallel Resonance 8.13 Series and Parallel Resonance Compared 8.14 The Resistance of the Coil 8.15 Dielectric Losses 8.16 H.F. Resistance 8.17 Cavity Resonators 9 Diodes 9.1 Electronic Devices 9.2 Diodes 9.3 Thermionic Emission of Electrons 9.4 The Vacuum Diode Valve 9.5 Semiconductors 9.6 Holes 9.7 Intrinsic Conduction 9.8 Effects of Impurities 9.9 P-N Junctions 9.10 The Semiconductor Diode 9.11 Diode Characteristics 9.12 Recapitulation 10 Triodes 10.1 The Vacuum Triode Valve 10.2 Amplification Factor 10.3 Mutual Conductance 10.4 Anode Resistance 10.5 Alternating Voltage at the Grid 10.6 Grid Bias 10.7 The Transistor 10.8 Transistor Characteristic Curves 10.9 Transistor Parameters 10.10 Field-Effect Transistors 10.11 Insulated-Gate F.E.Ts 10.12 Light-Sensitive Diodes and Triodes 11 The Triode at Work 11.1 Input and Output 11.2 Source and Load 11.3 Feeds and Signals 11.4 Load Lines 11.5 Voltage Amplification 11.6 An Equivalent Generator 11.7 Calculating Amplification 11.8 The Maximum-Power Law 11.9 Transistor Load Lines 11.10 Class A, A and C Operation 12 Transistor Equivalent Circuits 12.1 The Equivalent Current Generator 12.2 Duality 12.3 Voltage or Current Generator? 12.4 Transistor Equivalent Output Circuit 12.5 Some Box Tricks 12.6 Input Resistance 12.7 Complete Transistor Equivalent Circuit 12.8 A Simpler Equivalent 12.9 Other Circuit Configurations: Common Collector 12.10 Common Base 12.11 A Summary of Results 12.12 F.E.Ts and Valves 13 The Working Point 13.1 Feed Requirements 13.2 Effect of Amplification Factor Variations 13.3 Influence of Leakage Current 13.4 Methods of Base Biasing 13.5 Biasing the F.E.T. 13.6 Valve Biasing 13.7 Biasing by Diodes 14 Oscillation 14.1 Generators 14.2 The Oscillatory Circuit 14.3 Frequency of Oscillation 14.4 Damping 14.5 Maintaining Oscillation 14.6 Practical Oscillator Circuits 14.7 Resistance-Capacitance Oscillators 14.8 Negative Resistance 14.9 Amplitude of Oscillation 14.10 Automatic Biasing of Oscillators 14.11 Distortion of Oscillation 14.12 Constancy of Frequency 14.13 Crystal Oscillators 14.14 Microwave Oscillators 15 Modulation 15.1 The Need for Modulation 15.2 Amplitude Modulation 15.3 Methods of Amplitude Modulation 15.4 Frequency Modulation 15.5 Telegraphy and Keying 15.6 Methods of Frequency Modulation 15.7 Sources of Modulating Signal 15.8 Theory of Sidebands 15.9 Channel Separation 15.10 Multiplex 15.11 Pulse Modulation Systems 16 Transmission Lines 16.1 Feeders 16.2 Circuit Equivalent of a Line 16.3 Characteristic Resistance 16.4 Waves along a Line 16.5 Wave Reflection 16.6 Standing Waves 16.7 Line Impedance Variations 16.8 The Quarter-Wave Transformer 16.9 Fully Resonant Lines 16.10 Lines as Tuned Circuits 16.11 Waveguides or Radio-wave Plumbing 17 Radiation and Antennas 17.1 Bridging Space 17.2 The Quarter-Wave Resonator Again 17.3 A Rope Trick 17.4 Electromagnetic Waves 17.5 Radiation 17.6 Polarization 17.7 Antennas 17.8 Radiation Resistance 17.9 Directional Characteristics 17.10 Reflectors and Directors 17.11 Antenna Gain 17.12 Choice of Frequency 17.13 Influence of the Atmosphere 17.14 Earthed Antennas 17.15 Feeding the Antenna 17.16 Tuning 17.17 Effective Height 17.18 Microwave Antennas 17.19 Inductor Antennas 18 Detection 18.1 The Need for Detection 18.2 The Detector 18.3 Rectifiers 18.4 Linearity of Rectification 18.5 Rectifier Resistance 18.6 Action of Reservoir Capacitor 18.7 Choice of Component Values 18.8 The Diode Detector in Action 18.9 The Detector as a Load 18.10 Filters 18.11 Detector Distortion 18.12 Shunt-Diode Detector 18.13 Television Diode Detector 18.14 F.M. Detectors 18.15 Foster-Seeley Discriminator 18.16 Ratio Detector 18.17 Quadrature Detector 18.18 Phase-Locked-Loop Detector 18.19 Counter Discriminator 19 Audio-Frequency Amplification 19.1 Recapitulation 19.2 Decibels 19.3 Gain/Frequency Distortion 19.4 Non-Linearity Distortion 19.5 Generation of Harmonics 19.6 Intermodulation 19.7 Allowable Limits of Non-Linearity 19.8 Phase Distortion 19.9 Loudspeakers 19.10 The Output Stage 19.11 Class A Amplification 19.12 Distortion with Class A 19.13 Class A Circuits 19.14 Compound Transistors 19.15 Negative Feedback 19.16 Phase Shift with Feedback 19.17 Input and Output Resistance 19.18 Linearizing the Input 19.19 Some Circuit Details 19.20 Noise 19.21 Another Box Trick 20 Selectivity and Tuning 20.1 Need for R.F. Amplification 20.2 Selectivity and Q 20.3 Over-Sharp Tuning 20.4 A General Resonance Curve 20.5 More Than One Tuned Circuit 20.6 Coupled Tuned Circuits 20.7 Effects of Varying Coupling 20.8 Practical Tuning Difficulties21 The Superheterodyne Principle 21.1 A Difficult Problem Solved 21.2 The Frequency-Changer 21.3 Frequency-Changers as Modulators 21.4 Types of Frequency-Changer 21.5 Conversion Conductance 21.6 Ganging the Oscillator 21.7 Whistles 22 Radio-Frequency and Intermediate-Frequency Amplification 22.1 Amplification So Far 22.2 Active-Device Interelectrode Capacitances 22.3 Miller Effect 22.4 High-Frequency Effects in Transistors 22.5 Transistor Phasor Diagrams 22.6 Limiting Frequencies 22.7 An I.F. Amplifier 22.8 R.F. Amplification 22.9 Screening 22.10 Cross-Modulation 22.11 Automatic Gain Control 22.12 The Antenna Coupling 22.13 Klystrons and Traveling-Wave Tubes 23 Cathode-Ray Tubes: Television and Radar 23.1 Description of Cathode-Ray Tube 23.2 Electric Focusing and Deflection 23.3 Magnetic Deflection and Focusing 23.4 Oscilloscopes 23.5 Time Bases 23.6 Application to Television 23.7 Characteristics of Television Signals 23.8 Television Receivers 23.9 Synchronizing Circuits 23.10 Scanning Circuits 23.11 Color Television 23.12 Application to Radar 24 Non-Sinusoidal Signal Amplification 24.1 Waveforms 24.2 Frequency and Time 24.3 Frequency Range 24.5 Obtaining the High-Frequency Response 24.6 Operational Amplifiers 24.7 Integrated Circuits 25 Electronic Waveform Generators and Switches 25.1 Differentiating and Integrating Circuits 25.2 Waveform Shapers 25.3 Waveform Generators: Relaxation Oscillators 25.4 The Blocking Oscillator 25.5 The Multivibrator 25.6 Bistables 25.7 Monostables 25.8 Clampers and Clippers 25.9 Gates and Choppers 25.10 Design 26 Computers 26.1 Analogue and Digital 26.2 Analogue Computers 26.3 Digital Computers 26.4 The Binary Scale 26.5 Logic Circuits 26.6 Counters 26.7 Stores 26.8 Computer Languages 26.9 Input and Output Devices 26.10 Microprocessors and Microcomputers Chapter 27 Power Suppliers 27.1 The Power Required 27.2 Batteries 27.3 D.C. from A.C. 27.4 Types of Rectifier 27.5 Rectifier Circuits 27.6 Filters 27.7 Decoupling 27.8 Bias Supplies 27.9 Stabilization 27.10 E.H.T. 27.11 Switch-Mode Power Suppliers 27.12 Cathode Heating Appendix A Algebraic Symbols A.1 Letter Symbols A.2 What Letter Symbols Really Mean A.3 Some Other Uses of Symbols A.4 Abbreviations A.5 How Numbers are Used Appendix B Graphs B.l What is a Graph? B.2 Scales B.3 What a 'Curve' Signifies B.4 Three-Dimensional Graphs B.5 Significance of Slope B.6 Non-Uniform Scales Appendix C Alternative Technical Terms Appendix D Symbols and Abbreviations Appendix E Decibel TableIndex