Solar Energy Application in Buildings

List of Contributors

Preface

Nomenclature


1 The Solar Radiation Spectrum and Its Utilization


1.1 Introduction


1.2 The Solar Constant and the Extraterrestrial Solar Spectrum


1.3 Total and Spectral Solar Irradiance at Ground Level


1.4 Direct Solar Radiation


1.5 Diffuse Radiation


1.6 Reflected Radiation


1.7 Total Radiation or Global Radiation


1.8 Effect of Turbidity on Solar Intensity


1.9 The Surface Albedo αg


1.10 Conclusion


2 Materials for Solar Energy Collectors


2.1 Introduction


2.2 Solar Radiation


2.3 Diathermanous Materials


2.4 Energy-Absorbing and -Emitting Materials


2.5 Heat Storage


2.6 Thermal Insulating Materials


3 Systematic Classification of Climate for Solar House Design


3.1 Introduction


3.2 Global Patterns of Solar Irradiation


3.3 The Absorption and Scattering Processes in the Atmosphere


3.4 The Diffuse Radiation Climate


3.5 Hourly Relationships for Average Diffuse Irradiance on Horizontal Surfaces


3.6 Climatological Variations in the Mean Irradiation of Sloping Surfaces


3.7 Climatological Factors Affecting Heat Losses from Flat Plate Solar Collection Systems


3.8 Meteorological Data Needed To Assess Storage Needs


3.9 Summary of Climatological Factors Affecting Space-Heating and Space-Cooling Demands


3.10 Conclusions


4 Solar Thermal Energy Storage Systems


4.1 Introduction


4.2 Solar Storage Requirements


4.3 Sensible Heat Storage


4.4 Thermal Energy Storage by Phase Changes


4.5 Other Forms of Energy Storage


4.6 Long-Term Solar Energy Storage


4.7 Conclusions


5 Solar Energy Utilization in Advanced Residential and Commercial Applications through Hydrogen Energy


5.1 Introduction


5.2 Solar Production of Hydrogen


5.3 Hydrogen Storage and Distribution in Solar Energy Systems


5.4 Hydrogen as a Fuel


5.5 Hydrogen Heating Units and Appliances


5.6 Hydrogen Air Conditioning and Refrigeration


5.7 Electricity Generation via Hydrogen Energy


6 Passive Solar Heating System


6.1 Introduction


6.2 Some Examples of Passive Solar Heating Systems


7 Passive Cooling of Buildings


7.1 Introduction


7.2 General Remarks


7.3 Psychrometry


7.4 Evaporative Air Coolers


7.5 Evaporative Water Coolers


7.6 Radiative Cooling of Selective Surfaces


7.7 Night Cooling Concept


7.8 Calculations and Cost Analysis


7.9 Conclusions


8 Solar Cooling for Buildings


8.1 Introduction


8.2 Conditioning Space for Comfort


8.3 Solar Cooling Systems


8.4 Storage and Performance


8.5 Economic Considerations


8.6 Current Research and Development


8.7 Conclusions


9 Natural Cooling in Hot Arid Regions


9.1 Introduction


9.2 Characteristics of Hot Arid Regions


9.3 Wind Towers


9.4 Air Vents


9.5 Cisterns


9.6 Natural Ice Making


9.7 Conclusions


10 Hydronic Solar Heating and Cooling in Georgia


10.1 Introduction


10.2 Solar Heating and Cooling Technology


10.3 Solar Homes and Buildings in Georgia


10.4 Some Solar Systems Used with Georgia Projects


11 Some Solar-Heated Buildings in Canada


11.1 Introduction


11.2 Direct Energy Associates Houses


11.3 Hoffman House


11.4 Lorriman House


11.5 La Macaza House


11.6 Pepper House


11.7 Provident House


11.8 Sicotte House


11.9 The Ark—Prince Edward Island


11.10 Recent Solar Energy Heating Demonstration Programs


11.11 Ives House


11.12 Fenco Consultants Limited House


11.13 The Proctor and Redfern Group House


12 Solar House Heating with Heat Pipe Collectors


12.1 Introduction


12.2 Concept


12.3 Solar Collectors


12.4 Energy System


12.5 Operating Experience


12.6 Further Activities


13 Solar Houses in Japan


13.1 Introduction


13.2 The Heat Pump in Solar Heating


13.3 Solar Cooling with an Absorption Refrigeration Machine


13.4 Space-Heating System


13.5 Collectors Used in Solar Houses


13.6 Selective Surfaces


13.7 Heat Media and Storage


13.8 Hot Water Supply


13.9 Conclusions


14 A Low-Energy House in New Zealand


14.1 Introduction


14.2 Climate


14.3 Residential Energy Use


14.4 The Low-Energy House


14.5 Thermal System Design


14.6 Future Program


15 Solar Houses in Britain


15.1 Introduction


15.2 Climate


15.3 Some Examples of Solar Buildings


15.4 The Solar House of the Future


15.5 Conclusions


16 Solar One


16.1 Introduction


16.2 The Solar House


16.3 Experiments with Solar Collectors


16.4 Insulation and Total System Performance


16.5 Overall Performance


17 Solar Heating of Greenhouses


18 Solar Housing in India


18.1 Historical Perspectives


18.2 Solar and Meteorological Characteristics of India


18.3 Some Thoughts on Solar Energy Technology Applicable to Housing in India


19 Integration of Solar Systems in Architectural and Urban Design


19.1 Introduction


19.2 Solar System


19.3 Analysis of the Solar System


19.4 Economic Aspects


19.5 Architectural Aspects


19.6 Practical Applications


19.7 Methodology for Urban Planning


19.8 Conclusion

References

Index