Biomass Fractionation Technologies for a Lignocellulosic Feedstock Based Biorefinery

1st Edition - February 16, 2016
Editor: S.I. Mussatto
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 2 3 2 3 - 5
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 2 5 6 1 - 1

Biomass Fractionation Technologies for a Lignocellulosic Feedstock-based Biorefinery reviews the extensive research and tremendous scientific and technological developme… Read more

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Biomass Fractionation Technologies for a Lignocellulosic Feedstock-based Biorefinery reviews the extensive research and tremendous scientific and technological developments that have occurred in the area of biorefinering, including industrial processes and product development using ‘green technologies’, often referred as white biotechnology.

As there is a huge need for new design concepts for modern biorefineries as an alternative and amendment to industrial crude oil and gas refineries, this book presents the most important topics related to biomass fractionation, including advances, challenges, and perspectives, all with references to current literature for further study.

Presented in 26 chapters by international field specialists, each chapter consists of review text that comprises the most recent advances, challenges, and perspectives for each fractionation technique. The book is an indispensable reference for all professionals, students, and workers involved in biomass biorefinery, assisting them in establishing efficient and economically viable process technologies for biomass fractionation.

Chapter 1. Biomass Pretreatment, Biorefineries, and Potential Products for a Bioeconomy Development

1.1. Introduction
1.2. Biomass: Types and Composition
1.3. Biomass Pretreatment: The Key for Establishing Profitable Conversion Processes
1.4. Biorefinery and Potential Strategies
1.5. Toward a Bioeconomy
1.6. Conclusion

Chapter 2. Mechanical Pretreatment

2.1. Introduction
2.2. Mechanochemical Methods of the Action on Substances and Materials
2.3. Mechanical Pretreatment of Lignocellulose Feedstock
2.4. Devices for Grinding and Mechanochemical Processing of Plant Raw Material

Chapter 3. Extrusion Processing: Opportunities and Challenges Toward Biofuel

3.1. Introduction: Biomass Pretreatment
3.2. Advantages of Extrusion as a Pretreatment Method
3.3. Extrusion Pretreatment of Various Feedstocks
3.4. Factors Influencing Extrusion Pretreatments
3.5. Mechanisms Involved in Extrusion Pretreatments
3.6. Mass Balance Comparison of Feedstocks Subjected to Extrusion Pretreatments
3.7. Other Opportunities of Extrusion in Biorefineries
3.8. Conclusion and Future Prospects

Chapter 4. Fractionation of Lignocellulosic Material With Pyrolysis Processing

4.1. Introduction to Pyrolysis Technology
4.2. First Fractionation Stage: The Pyrolysis Reactor
4.3. Second Fractionation Stage Through Downstream Heterogeneous Separation Systems
4.4. Lignocellulose Biorefinery Concepts, Challenges, and Perspectives

Chapter 5. Microwave-Induced Biomass Fractionation

5.1. Introduction
5.2. Fundamentals of Microwave-Induced Chemical Reactions
5.3. Effects of Microwave Irradiation on Hydrothermal Reaction of Model Biomass Compounds
5.4. Practical Application of Hydrothermal Treatment of Lignocellulose Under Microwave Irradiation
5.5. Recent Advances and Future Perspectives of Biomass Fractionation Induced by Microwave Irradiation

Chapter 6. Use of Ultrasound for Pretreatment of Biomass and Subsequent Hydrolysis and Fermentation

6.1. Introduction
6.2. Role of Ultrasound in Various Pretreatment Techniques
6.3. Ultrasound-Assisted Hydrolysis of Lignocelluloses
6.4. Ultrasound-Assisted Fermentation for Bioethanol Production
6.5. Design Aspects of Sonochemical Reactors
6.6. Conclusions and Future Prospects

Chapter 7. Applications of Pulsed Electric Energy for Biomass Pretreatment in Biorefinery

7.1. Introduction
7.2. Impact of Pulsed Electric Energy on Biomaterials
7.3. Examples of Pulsed Electric Energy-Assisted Applications for Biomass Pretreatment in Biorefinery
7.4. Conclusion and Future Perspectives

Chapter 8. Biomass Pretreatment With Acids

8.1. Introduction: The Role of Pretreatment on Lignocellulosic Biomass
8.2. Acid Pretreatment: General Considerations
8.3. Dilute Acid Pretreatment
8.4. Concentrated Acid Pretreatment
8.5. Combined Use of Acids With Other Pretreatments
8.6. Advances and Commercial Applications
8.7. Conclusion and Future Perspectives

Chapter 9. Biomass Pretreatment With Oxalic Acid for Value-Added Products

9.1. Introduction
9.2. Pretreatment With Oxalic Acid: Typical Conditions and Performance for Different Raw Materials
9.3. Physical, Structural, Morphological, and Compositional Modifications: Liquid and Solid Fractions
9.4. Utilization of Hemicellulose and Cellulose Fractions of Oxalic Acid-Pretreated Biomass
9.5. Future Perspectives and Conclusions

Chapter 10. Pretreatment With Metal Salts

10.1. Introduction
10.2. Role of Metal Salts in the Biomass Conversion Process
10.3. Metal Salt-Assisted Pretreatment of Biomass
10.4. Conclusions and Future Trends

Chapter 11. Integration of Organosolv Process for Biomass Pretreatment in a Biorefinery

11.1. Background of Organosolv Pretreatment
11.2. Adaptation and Revamp of Bagasse Fractionation Steps in a Diversified Sugarcane Mill
11.3. Opportunities for Reanimation and Revamping Plants
11.4. Reanimation and Revamping Plants in a Study Case
11.5. Optimal Design of 2G-Ethanol Technology Using Sugarcane Bagasse Enzymatic Hydrolyzate Integrated to 1G-Ethanol Production
11.6. Analysis of the Kinetics of Each Step of Pretreatment for the Global Design of Technology
11.7. Kinetics of Enzymatic Hydrolysis
11.8. Global Design of an Ethanol Plant Combining First- and Second-Generation Technologies
11.9. Conclusions and Future Prospects

Chapter 12. Pretreatment of Lignocelluloses With Solvent N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide

12.1. Introduction
12.2. Effects of N-methylmorpholine N-oxide Pretreatment on Lignocellulosic Biomass
12.3. Effective Parameters in N-methylmorpholine N-oxide Pretreatment
12.4. Effects of N-methylmorpholine N-oxide Pretreatment on the Improvement of Biofuel Production
12.5. Challenges and Perspective
12.6. Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives

Chapter 13. A Novel Green Biomass Fractionation Technology: Hydrotropic Pretreatment

13.1. Background of Hydrotropic Pretreatment
13.2. Fractionation Lignin From Lignocellulosic Materials by Hydrotropic Method
13.3. Enhancement of Enzymatic Hydrolysis Efficiency of Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Hydrotropic Technology
13.4. Conclusion and Perspectives

Chapter 14. Hydrothermal/Liquid Hot Water Pretreatment (Autohydrolysis): A Multipurpose Process for Biomass Upgrading

14.1. Introduction
14.2. Definition and Fundamentals/Mechanism
14.3. Operational Conditions Used in Liquid Hot Water Biomass Pretreatment
14.4. Modeling
14.5. Process Monitoring and Control
14.6. Liquid Hot Water Combined Processes
14.7. Conclusions and Future Trends

Chapter 15. Steam Explosion as Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment

15.1. Introduction
15.2. Steam Explosion Fundamentals
15.3. Variables Affecting Steam Explosion Pretreatment
15.4. Different Approaches for Steam Explosion Pretreatment
15.5. Conclusion and Future Trends

Chapter 16. Fractionation of Lignocellulosic Biomass Materials With Wet Explosion Pretreatment

16.1. Introduction
16.2. Lignocellulosic Biomass: Why Pretreatment Is the Key?
16.3. Wet Explosion Pretreatment Process
16.4. Tailoring Wet Explosion Pretreatment to Enhance Enzymatic Hydrolysis
16.5. Comparison of Wet Explosion With Other Pretreatment Methods
16.6. Conclusion and Perspectives

Chapter 17. Biomass Pretreatment With Carbon Dioxide

17.1. Introduction
17.2. Pretreatment With Carbon Dioxide

Chapter 18. Chemical Oxidation With Ozone as an Efficient Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Materials

18.1. Introduction
18.2. Ozone Reaction Mechanisms
18.3. Ozonolysis of Lignocellulosic Materials
18.4. Conclusions and Perspectives

Chapter 19. Recent Advances in Alkaline Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass

19.1. Introduction
19.2. Deconstruction Effects of Lignocellulosic Biomass in an Alkaline System
19.3. Integrated Biorefinery for Biomass Fractionation: A Partnership for Alkaline Pretreatment
19.4. Practical Considerations and Prospects
19.5. Summary

Chapter 20. Pretreatment With Ammonia

20.1. Introduction
20.2. Effect/Impact of Ammonia Treatment on the Composition of Plant Cell Walls
20.3. Ammonia Pretreatment Methods
20.4. Utilization of Ammonia Pretreated Biomass
20.5. Economic Aspects of Ammonia Pretreatment and Final Remarks

Chapter 21. Alkaline Peroxide Pretreatment for an Effective Biomass Degradation

21.1. Introduction
21.2. Pretreatment Conditions
21.3. Influence of Pretreatment on Biomass Structure Decomposition
21.4. Examples of Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide Use for Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment
21.5. Process Kinetics
21.6. Conclusions and Future Perspectives

Chapter 22. Sulfite Pretreatment to Overcome the Recalcitrance of Lignocelluloses for Bioconversion of Woody Biomass

22.1. Introduction
22.2. The SPORL Process
22.3. Reaction Kinetics for Process Optimization and Scale-Up
22.4. Process Optimization and Scale-Up Design Using Combined Hydrolysis Factor
22.5. Lignin Sulfonation on Nonproductive Cellulase Binding
22.6. SPORL Process Performance and Integration for Biofuel and Lignin Coproducts Productions
22.7. Conclusions and Future Trends

Chapter 23. Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Residues

23.1. Introduction
23.2. Desirable Attributes of Cellulase for the Hydrolysis of Cellulose
23.3. Stabilization of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes
23.4. Nonproductive Binding and/or Inhibition of Cellulolytic Enzymes
23.5. Process Strategies for Cellulose Hydrolysis and Final Remarks

Chapter 24. Biological Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass

24.1. Introduction
24.2. Microbial Depolymerization of Lignin
24.3. Ligninolytic Enzyme System
24.4. Fungal Pretreatment
24.5. Bacterial Pretreatment
24.6. Enzymatic Pretreatment
24.7. Challenges and Perspectives

Chapter 25. Technoeconomic Considerations for Biomass Fractionation in a Biorefinery Context

25.1. Introduction
25.2. Technoeconomic Assessment of Biorefineries
25.3. Biomass and Logistics Costs
25.4. Optimization Techniques
25.5. Conclusions

Chapter 26. Socioeconomic and Environmental Considerations for Sustainable Supply and Fractionation of Lignocellulosic Biomass in a Biorefinery Context

26.1. Introduction
26.2. The Lignocellulosic Biorefinery
26.3. Sustainability in Biorefineries
26.4. Considerations on the Biomass Supply Side
26.5. Considerations on the Biomass Fractionation Side
26.6. Conclusions and Future Perspectives

S.I. Mussatto

Dr. Solange I. Mussatto is Invited Assistant Professor at the Department of Biotechnology at Delft University of Technology (TU Delft) in The Netherlands. She has a background in Chemical Industrial Engineer, and MSc and PhD degrees in Industrial Biotechnology (Area: Biomass Conversion) from University of São Paulo (Brazil). Dr. Mussatto has over 17 years of experience in the areas of Biomass Pretreatment and Fermentation Technology with focus on the development of biorefinery strategies for total conversion and valorization of biomass. During her entire research career (started in 1998), she has been actively involved in activities related to the conversion of biomass (lignocellulosic materials, macroalgae and plants) into valuable biobased products. Her research interests include the use of chemical, biochemical, biological and thermal processes for biomass pretreatment, and conversion of such materials by chemical or fermentation routes into valuable compounds such as ethanol, xylitol, organic acids, fructooligosaccharides, bioactive compounds, alcoholic beverages, and enzymes, among others. Due to the wide experience on biomass and biorefinery areas, Dr. Mussatto is frequently invited for oral presentations in scientific conferences, and has already established a great network with researchers from different countries including Europe, South America and Asia. One of the studies coordinated by Dr. Mussatto was recently recognized by the Time magazine (US) as one of the best inventions of the year 2013. Dr. Mussatto has participated in numerous research projects and has published more than 115 full papers in peer-reviewed journals, 13 book chapters, 3 patents and more than 230 papers in scientific conferences. The impact of her published works is reflected in more than 3000 citations and h-index: 28 (Scopus). She is Associate Editor of the Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, Editorial Board Member of the Biofuel Research Journal, and has been on the advisory board of several leading international scientific journals and international funding agencies.

Affiliations and expertise

Department of Biotechnology Delft University of Technology Delft, The Netherlands