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Early Vascular Aging (EVA)
New Directions in Cardiovascular Protection
1st Edition - August 6, 2015
Editors: Michael Hecht Olsen, Peter M Nilsson, Stephane Laurent
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:9780128013878
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 1 3 8 7 - 8
eBook ISBN:9780128016763
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 1 6 7 6 - 3
Early Vascular Aging (EVA): New Directions in Cardiovascular Protection brings together the last decade of research related to the characterization of EVA, as well as the predictiv…Read more
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Early Vascular Aging (EVA): New Directions in Cardiovascular Protection brings together the last decade of research related to the characterization of EVA, as well as the predictive power of pulse wave velocity (PWV).
The book presents a novel approach to the problem of cardiovascular disease, showing it in relation to great vessels disease and revealing a comprehensive approach to the problem of increased rigidity of the great vessels, its causes, and further consequences.
Information provided is accompanied by online access to a supplemental website with video clips of anatomic specimens, cardiac imaging, and surgical procedures.
Introduces the latest information on early vascular aging (EVA), complete with summaries of recent evidence and guidelines for relevant risk factor control
Ideal reference for the study of vascular aging, pulse wave velocity, arteriosclerosis, EVA, arterial stiffness, vascular, PWV biomarkers, and cardiovascular disease
Contains all the relevant information available from different fields of knowledge (from basic biology to epidemiology) in regard to EVA
Provides evidence that leads to a new target for interventions, early vascular aging (EVA) in subjects with early onset increased arterial stiffness
Includes online access to a supplemental website with video clips of anatomic specimens, cardiac imaging, and surgical procedures
Specialists and researchers of hypertension and cardiology, preventive cardiology, diabetology and internal and general medicine, geriatricians, physiologists and experts in image medicine
List of Contributors
Preface
References
Chapter 1. Historical Aspects and Biology of Aging
Evolutionary Traits, Genes, and the Environment Influencing Aging
Changes During the Twentieth Century in Life Expectancy
Early Life Programming Effects
Vascular Aging in Perspective
New Models and Interventions to Influence Aging
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 2. Cellular and Molecular Determinants of Arterial Aging
Introduction
Cytoskeletal and Contractile Proteins in the Aging Arterial Wall
Cellular Matrix Structure in the Aging Arterial Wall
Proinflammatory Molecular, Cellular, and Vascular Events in the Aging Arterial Wall
Transcription Factors
Anti-Inflammatory Molecule SIRT1
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 3. Aging Population: Challenges and Opportunities in a Life Course Perspective
Aging Populations—Between Decreasing Mortality and Improved Health
Living Longer, but with More Chronic Diseases
From Healthcare of Older Subjects to Life Course Approach
Strategies for Healthy Aging
References
Chapter 4. Population-Based Studies: Milestones on the Epidemiological Timeline
Introduction
References
Chapter 5. Lessons from the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study
AGAHLS—The Cohort Profile
Early Determinants of Arterial Stiffness—A Life Course Approach
Additional Studies
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 6. Cardiovascular Aging: Perspectives from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA)
Introduction
Detecting Occult CV Disease in BLSA Participants
Epidemiological Studies of Genetic and Hormonal and Metabolic Risk Factors for CAD
Age-Associated Changes in Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) and the Arterial Waveform
Arterial Stiffness as Early Markers for Subsequent CV Events in Asymptomatic BLSA Participants
Age-Associated Changes in Carotid Intimal–Medial Thickness
The Vascular Aging: The Link that Bridges Age to Early Atherosclerosis (The VALIDATE Study)
Arterial–Heart Coupling
References
Chapter 7. Changes in Peripheral Blood Pressure with Normal and Accelerated Aging
Introduction
What Induces Accelerated Vascular Aging?
Changes in Peripheral BP During Normal Aging
Changes in Peripheral BP During Accelerated Aging
Predictors of Diastolic Hypertension
Predictors of ISH in Adolescents and Young Adults
Predictors of ISH in Middle-Aged and the Elderly
The Value of Paired BP Components in Predicting CVD Risk
Perspectives
References
Chapter 8. Changes in Arterial Stiffness with Normal and Accelerated Aging
Introduction
A Word of Caution on Study Design
Chronological Aging of the Arteries
Accelerated Aging of the Arteries
Summarizing Remarks
References
Chapter 9. Changes in Central Hemodynamics, Wave Reflection, and Heart–Vessel Coupling with Normal and Accelerated Aging
Introduction
The Heart and Its Interaction with the Arterial Tree
Aging and Wave Reflections
Central Arterial Pressure
References
Chapter 10. Early Aging of Endothelial Function and Platelet–Vessel Wall Interactions
Introduction
Platelet–Vessel Wall Interactions in Hemostasis
Regulation of the Adhesiveness of Platelets at the Vessel Wall
Age-Related Changes in Platelet–Vessel Wall Interactions
Clinical Implications of Platelet–ECs Interactions and Drug Development
References
Chapter 11. The Cross-Talk Between the Macro- and the Microcirculation
Introduction
Small Artery in Normal and Accelerated Aging
Large-Artery Remodeling
Large-/Small-Artery Cross-Talk in Normal and Accelerated Aging
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 12. Arterial Stiffness and Blood Pressure Variability
Introduction
Conclusions
References
Chapter 13. Early Vascular Aging in the Young: Influence of Birth Weight and Prematurity
Introduction
Development of the Vasculature During Fetal Life and Early Childhood
Influence of Birth Weight on Blood Pressure
Impact of Birth Weight on Vascular Structure and Function
Influence of IUGR/SGA Phenotype on Arterial Structure and Function
Influence of Prematurity on Arterial Structure and Function
Influence of IUGR Versus Prematurity
Influence of Extreme Prematurity on Vascular Structure and Function
Effects of Increased “Catch-Up” Growth Patterns
Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 14. Age-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction and Intima–Media Thickening
Age-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction
Age-Induced Intima–Media Thickening
References
Chapter 15. Glucose Metabolism, Diabetes, and the Arterial Wall
Hyperglycemia, Insulin Resistance, and Arterial Wall Damage
Preclinical Large Artery Changes in Diabetes Mellitus
Preclinical Large Artery Changes in the MetS and Obesity
Conclusions
References
Chapter 16. Chronic Inflammation and Atherosclerosis
Age and Development of Atherosclerosis
Inflammation and Plaque Formation According to the Response–to–Retention Theory
Evidence for the Role of Inflammation in Atherosclerosis
The Role of Cytokines and Chemokines
Regulation and Resolution of Inflammation
Factors Increasing Vascular Aging
Inflammation as a Therapeutic Target
References
Chapter 17. Early and Late Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease in Relation to Arterial Changes
Introduction
Arterial Stiffness and Wave Reflections
Arterial Changes in Early and Predialysis CKD
Arterial Changes in Patients with ESRD
Pathogenesis of Arterial Stiffness in CKD and ESRD
Conclusion
References
Chapter 18. Non-Hemodynamic Components of EVA: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
Introduction
Definition of PCOS
PCOS and Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease
PCOS Phenotypes and Cardiometabolic Risk
Subclinical Arterial Disease in Women with PCOS
Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes in Women with PCOS
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 19. Impact of Arterial Aging on Early and Late Stages of Brain Damage
Cognitive Decline and Dementia: The Emerging Role of Arterial Aging
Structural Brain Changes and Arterial Aging
Pathophysiological Consideration
Therapeutic Opportunities and Research Perspectives
Conclusion
References
Chapter 20. Telomere Biology and Vascular Aging
Introduction
Telomere Length and Cellular Senescence
Telomere Structure and Function
Measurement of Telomere Length
Regulation of Telomere Length
Endogenous Factors
Environmental Factors
Telomere Length and Vascular Aging and Disease
LTL, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Cardiac Disease
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 21. Traditional Versus New Models of Risk Prediction
Evaluating New Risk Models
Screening
Traditional Risk Models
Risk Estimation Using New Markers of Subclinical Organ Damage
Future Research
References
Chapter 22. Imaging Biomarkers: Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Aortic Stiffness as Predictors of Cardiovascular Disease
Introduction
Carotid Intima–Media Thickness and CV Prognosis
Aortic Stiffness and CV Prognosis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 23. Genetic Markers in Prediction of Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular Disease—What Is the Risk?
Familial Syndromes—Monogenic Diseases
Complex Diseases—GWAS and the Search for Common Variants
Missing Heritability—Limitations of GWAS
Building on GWAS—The Future of Cardiovascular Genomics
Lessons Learned from GWAS—Biological Mechanisms and Pathways
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 24. Vascular Aging and Cardiovascular Disease
Changes with Age in the Arterial Tree
Monitoring Vascular Aging and Detecting Accelerated Signs of Vascular Deterioration
Central Hemodynamic Variables and Association to CV Risk
Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 25. Lifestyle Intervention: What Works?
Smoking
Diet and Nutrition
Obesity and Weight Loss
Mental, Emotional Status, and Work Stress
Exercise
Air Pollution
Illegal Substances
References
Chapter 26. Targeting Blood Pressure Lowering and the Sympathetic Nervous System
Tests for Studying the Human Sympathetic Nervous System
Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System in Human Hypertension
The Link Between the Sympathetic Nervous System and Arterial Stiffening
Pharmacological Modulation of Arterial Stiffness
Effect of Procedural Interventions on Arterial Stiffness and Sympathetic Outflow
Other Device-Based and Interventional Strategies for Lowering BP
Baroreceptor Stimulation
Deep Brain Stimulation
Carotid Body Denervation
Device-Guided Slow Breathing
Future Directions
References
Chapter 27. Targeting Central Blood Pressure Through the Macro- and Microcirculation Cross-Talk
Introduction
Effects of Drugs on Small Artery Structure and Function in Hypertension
Effects of Drugs on Large Artery Structure and Function in Hypertension
Targeting Central BP Through the Macro- and Microcirculation Cross-Talk
Conclusion
References
Chapter 28. Treatment Aspects
Part I Treatment of Abnormalities in Lipid Metabolism and EVA
Part II Early Vascular Aging and Obesity Treatment
Part III Treatment of Abnormalities in Glucose Metabolism
Chapter 29. New Drugs Under Development for Cardiovascular Prevention
Introduction
New Molecules Targeting Isolated Systolic Hypertension
New Drugs for Hypertension
Other Possible Alternatives to Classical Drugs
Conclusion
References
Chapter 30. Interventions to Retard Biological Aging to Be Explored
Introduction
Vascular Aging
Preventable Factors Leading to EVA
Progeria: A Model of Extreme EVA
Skin Aging
Bone Aging
Conclusion
References
Chapter 31. Immunization, Vaccines, and Immunomodulation
Introduction
Defining the Target for Immunization and Role of Immunity in Hypertension
Immunization
Renin Immunization
Angiotensin I (Ang I) Vaccine
Ang II Vaccine
AT1R Vaccine
Safety of Anti-RAAS Vaccines
References
Index
No. of pages: 376
Language: English
Edition: 1
Published: August 6, 2015
Imprint: Academic Press
Hardback ISBN: 9780128013878
eBook ISBN: 9780128016763
MO
Michael Hecht Olsen
Michael Hecht Olsen is a professor in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Prevention at the Department for Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, and senior consultant in cardiology at Department of Medicine 1, Holbaek Hospital, Denmark.
Both clinically and in research, he works with hypertension, obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular risk stratification using measurements of subclinical cardiovascular damage (e.g., pulse wave analysis, ultrasound of the carotid arteries and echocardiography) and new biomarkers for deep phenotyping trying to develop individualized treatment. He has published over 200 publications (Web of Science H-index 47).
Affiliations and expertise
Professor, University of Southern Denmark and Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
PN
Peter M Nilsson
Peter M. Nilsson is Senior Professor/expert in Clinical Cardiovascular Research at Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden. For many years he has been developing the concept of EVA with numerous colleagues and the prevention of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.
Affiliations and expertise
Senior Professor, Cardiovascular Research, consultant, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
SL
Stephane Laurent
Stepane Laurent’s research interests are hypertension pathophysiology and management, pharmacology of antihypertensive drugs, arterial stiffness and vascular ageing. He has served as President of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) (2007-2009) and President of the ARTERY Society (2010-2012), and is the author of over 500 referenced articles and 20 chapters in books.
Affiliations and expertise
Emeritus Professor of Pharmacology at Université de Paris Cité, France