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Cognitive Enhancement
Pharmacologic, Environmental and Genetic Factors
1st Edition - December 20, 2014
Editors: Shira Knafo, César Venero
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:9780124170421
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 1 7 0 4 2 - 1
eBook ISBN:9780124171251
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 1 7 1 2 5 - 1
Cognitive Enhancement: Pharmacologic, Environmental and Genetic Factors addresses the gap that exists in research on the topic, gathering multidisciplinary knowledge and tools tha…Read more
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Cognitive Enhancement: Pharmacologic, Environmental and Genetic Factors addresses the gap that exists in research on the topic, gathering multidisciplinary knowledge and tools that help the reader understand the basics of cognitive enhancement. It also provides assistance in designing procedures and pharmacological approaches to further the use of novel cognitive enhancers, a field that offers potential benefit to a variety of populations, including those with neurologic and psychiatric disorders, mild aging-related cognitive impairment, and those who want to improve intellectual performance.
The text builds on our knowledge of the molecular/cellular basis of cognitive function, offering the technological developments that may soon enhance cognition. Separate sections cover enhancement drugs, environmental conditions, and genetic factors in terms of both human and animal studies, including both healthy/young and aging/diseased individuals.
Provides a multidisciplinary knowledge, enabling a further understanding of cognitive enhancement
Offers coverage of the pharmacologic, environmental, and genetic factors relevant to the topic
Discusses cognitive enhancement from the perspective of both healthy and diseased or aging populations
Topics are discussed in terms of both human and animal studies
Cognitive neuroscientists, neurobiologists, and neurologists
Dedication
Chapter 1. What Is Cognitive Enhancement?
General Definition of Cognitive Enhancement
Different Classes of Cognitive Enhancement
Lifestyle Use versus Therapeutic Use of Cognitive Enhancers
The Aspects of Cognition Being Enhanced
Are Today’s “Cognitive Enhancers” Truly Efficient?
Possible Risks in the Use of Cognitive Enhancers
A Journey through this Book
Chapter 2. Signaling Pathways Involved in Cognitive Enhancement
Introduction
Stress as a Cognitive Enhancer
Biochemical Signaling Pathways in Learning
Biochemical Signaling Pathways in Neuronal Repair
Disadvantages of Cognitive Enhancers
Challenges in Developing Cognitive Enhancers
Chapter 3. Molecular Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Cognitive Enhancement
Introduction
Targeting the Induction of Plasticity: Glycine, D-Serine
Interplay between Cell Adhesion and Growth Factor Signaling: FGL
Modifying Synapses with the “Hunger Hormone” Ghrelin
Prolonging AMPA Receptor Excitation: Ampakines
Chapter 4. Role of Environment, Epigenetics, and Synapses in Cognitive Enhancement
Setting the Scene
Epigenetic Regulation of the Genome
Epigenetic Signaling and Behavioral Plasticity
Learning and Memory and Synapse Plasticity
Neurodevelopmental Principles and Memory-Related Synapse Remodeling
Role of Cell Adhesion Molecules in Experience-dependent Synapse Remodeling
Regulation of NCAM Polysialylation State
Regulation of NCAM PSA Expression during Activity-dependent Neural Remodeling
Synapse Remodeling and Memory Consolidation
Final Comment
Chapter 5. Transgenic Mice with Enhanced Cognition
Generating Mutant Mice
Synaptic Plasticity and Memory
Enhancing Cognition by Augmenting NMDA Receptor Function
CAMP-Creb Signaling
Translational Regulation and Enhanced Cognition
Epigenetic Regulation and Enhanced Cognition
Reducing Inhibition and Enhanced Cognition
MICRORNA and Enhanced Cognition
Extracellular Factors and Enhanced Cognition
Conclusion
Chapter 6. The Use of Viral Vectors to Enhance Cognition
Introduction
Adeno-Associated Virus
Strategies to Increase Efficiency and Specificity of Gene Transfer
Trans-splicing AAV
Advancements in rAAV Packaging and Purification
Gene Delivery to the CNS
Cognitive Enhancement and Neurogenesis
Neurogenesis in Aging and AD
Animal Models of AD
Assessing Outcomes of AD Gene Therapy: Behavioral Testing and Neurophysiology
Current AAV Therapies in AD Animal Studies and Clinical Trials
Future Directions
Chapter 7. Advancing Fear Memory Research with Optogenetics
Introduction
Contemporary and Traditional Methods in Memory Research
Novel Findings in Memory Research from Optogenetic Studies
Memory Generation and Memory Enhancement Using Optogenetics
Chapter 8. Can Stem Cells Be Used to Enhance Cognition?
Introduction
The Role of Endogenous Neurogenesis in Cognition
Endogenous Stem Cells in Aging and Disease
Improving Cognition by Enhancing Neurogenesis
Improving Cognition with Stem Cell Transplantation
Contribution of Different Transplanted Cell Types to Cognition
Remaining Challenges
Conclusions
Chapter 9. Alzheimer’s Disease and Mechanism-Based Attempts to Enhance Cognition
Introduction
Synaptic Dysfunction Is a Central Feature of Alzheimer’s Pathology
Aβ Mounts the Synaptic Assault
Animal Models of AD
Experimental Paradigms Can Inform Us About Alzheimer’s-Related Pathophysiology
Synaptic Plasticity and Memory Is Impaired in Transgenic Mouse Models of AD
Soluble, but Not Insoluble, Aβ Disrupts Plasticity and Memory
Mechanisms of Aβ-Mediated Disruption of Synaptic Plasticity
Treatment Strategies
The Drugs Do Not Work: What Is Failing in AD Therapies?
The Future of Cognitive Enhancement in AD
Concluding Remarks
Chapter 10. Pharmacological Treatment of Cognitive Dysfunction in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Introduction
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder
Schizophrenia
Bipolar Disorder
Chapter 11. Cognitive Enhancement in Humans
Introduction
Pharmaceuticals
Nutrition
Physical Exercise
Sleep
Meditation
Mnemonic Strategies
Computer Training
Brain Stimulation
Conclusions
Chapter 12. The Use of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Cognitive Enhancement
Introduction
Mechanisms of tDCS
Safety of tDCS
Applications in Cognitive Enhancement
Domain-General Cognitive Processes
Effects of tDCS in Different Populations
Optimizing the Effects of tDCS for Cognitive Enhancement
Open Questions
Conclusions
Chapter 13. Cognitive Enhancement: Ethical Considerations and a Look into the Future
Introduction
What Kinds of Cognitive Enhancement Are Relevant to the Normative Discussion and Why?
What Are the Normative Issues Associated with Cognitive Enhancement?
Tentative Proposal for Public Policies
Future Technological Challenges and Proactive Public Policies
Methodological Weaknesses and the Future of Evidence-Based Policy on Cognitive Enhancement
Conclusions
Index
Color Plates
No. of pages: 392
Language: English
Edition: 1
Published: December 20, 2014
Imprint: Academic Press
Hardback ISBN: 9780124170421
eBook ISBN: 9780124171251
SK
Shira Knafo
Shira Knafo is the head of the Molecular Cognition Laboratory and an Ikerbasque research professor at The University of the Basque Country (Biophysics Unit, Leioa). Her particular interests are in studying the molecular and synaptic mechanisms underlying learning and memory processes, cognitive malfunction and cognitive enhancement. Her experience in different scientific disciplines (medicine, animal behaviour, electrophysiology, molecular biology, morphology and imaging) allows her to adopt a multidisciplinary approach that is considered a great asset in modern neuroscience research. In 2012, she was awarded the Sieratzki Prize for Advances in Neuroscience (Tel-Aviv University) for her contributions in the field of cognitive neuroscience. In the same year, the Spanish National Research Council acknowledged her achievements in its annual tribute to its scientists. In 2013, the Spanish Ministry of Science awarded her an I3 certificate of excellence.
Affiliations and expertise
The University of the Basque Country, Biophysics Unit, Leioa, Spain
CV
César Venero
Associate Professor, Department of Psychopharmacology at the Universidad de Educación a Distancia in Spain and is Director of the Lab for Neurobiology of Stress and Neurodegenerative Diseases. He has authored two books on psychopharmacology and memory work. He co-chaired the “Cognitive Enhancement in Health and Disease” symposium at the 2012 Federation for European Neuroscience annual meeting.
Affiliations and expertise
Universidad de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain