Biomedical Optical Phase Microscopy and Nanoscopy

Preface

Part 1: Phase Contrast Microscopy and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Chapter 1. Phase Contrast Microscopy

1.1 Introduction

1.2 How Phase Contrast Works

1.3 How to Acquire Phase Contrast Images

1.4 Experimental Uses

1.5 Limitations of Phase Optics

References

Further Reading

Chapter 2. Differential Interference Microscopy

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Measuring Shear Angle of DIC Prism

2.3 Bias Optimization

2.4 A Quantitative OI-DIC Microscope with Fast Modulation of Bias and Shear Direction

2.5 Combination of OI-DIC and Orientation-Independent Polarization Imaging

2.6 Combination of OI-DIC and Fluorescence Imaging

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 3. Long-Term Recordings of Live Human Cells Using Phase Contrast Microscopy

3.1 Introduction

3.2 The Microscope

3.3 Correlative Live Cell–Fixed Cell Observations

References

Further Reading

Chapter 4. Phase Imaging in Plant Cells and Tissues

4.1 Out of Focus Imaging

4.2 Dark Field

4.3 Phase Contrast Techniques

4.4 Becke Line in Optical Microscopy

4.5 DIC Microscopy

4.6 Hoffmann Modulation Contrast

4.7 Adaptive Optics Microscopy

4.8 Interferometric Microscopy

4.9 Second Harmonic Imaging Microscopy

4.10 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Plants Showing the Flow Component

Acknowledgments

References

Part 2: Digital Holographic Phase Microscopy

Chapter 5. Digital Holographic Microscopy for Measuring Biophysical Parameters of Living Cells

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Technical Introduction

5.3 Biological Applications

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 6. Holographic Microscopy Techniques for Multifocus Phase Imaging of Living Cells

6.1 Introduction

6.2 DHM Setups for Live Cell Imaging

6.3 Recording and Numerical Evaluation of Digital Holograms

6.4 Refractive Index Determination of Cells in Suspension

6.5 DHM Analysis of Morphology and Thickness Changes

6.6 Quantitative Cell Division Monitoring

6.7 Cell Tracking in 3D Environments

6.8 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 7. Phase Unwrapping Problems in Digital Holographic Microscopy of Biological Cells

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Experimental Techniques

7.3 Varying Reconstruction Distance Method

7.4 Dual-Wavelength Phase Imaging

7.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 8. On-Chip Holographic Microscopy and its Application for Automated Semen Analysis

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Partially Coherent In-Line Holography on a Chip

8.3 Reconstruction of Microscopic Images and the Phase Recovery Process

8.4 On-Chip Imaging of Sperm Using Partially Coherent Lensfree In-Line Holography

8.5 High-Throughput On-Chip Semen Analysis Results

8.6 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 9. Synthetic Aperture Lensless Digital Holographic Microscopy (SALDHM) for Superresolved Biological Imaging

9.1 Introduction

9.2 SALDHM Inside the Gabor’s Regime

9.3 SALDHM Outside the Gabor’s Regime

9.4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 10. Combining Digital Holographic Microscopy with Microfluidics: A New Tool in Biotechnology

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Drive and Analyze

10.3 Particle Tracking in 3D

10.4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 11. Holographic Motility Contrast Imaging of Live Tissues

11.1 Introduction and Review

11.2 Optical Coherence Imaging

11.3 Motility Contrast Imaging

11.4 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) Spectroscopy

11.5 Tissue Dynamics Spectroscopy

Acknowledgment

References

Part 3: Advanced Interferometric and Polarization Techniques

Chapter 12. Tomographic Phase Microscopy (TPM)

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Theory—Optical Diffraction Tomography

12.3 Experimental Implementation

12.4 Video-Rate TPM

12.5 Biological Applications

12.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 13. Phase-Sensitive Optical Coherence Microscopy (OCM)

13.1 Introduction

13.2 OCM Principles

13.3 Phase OCM

13.4 Phase OCM Applications

13.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 14. Polarization and Spectral Interferometric Techniques for Quantitative Phase Microscopy

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Dual-Interference Channel Quantitative Phase Microscopy

14.3 Spectral-Domain Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

14.4 Spectral Multiplexing by RGB Color Channels

14.5 Nonlinear Phase Dispersion Spectroscopy

14.6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 15. Polarization Microscopy

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Traditional Polarized Light Microscopy

15.3 The Liquid-Crystal Polarization Microscope (LC-PolScope)

15.4 Practical Considerations

15.5 Polarized Light Imaging in Three Dimensions

15.6 Conclusion

15.7 Glossary of Polarization Optical Terms

Acknowledgments

References

Part 4: Phase Nanoscopy

Chapter 16. Is There a Fundamental Limit to Spatial Resolution in Phase Microscopy?

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Where Was Abbe’s Theory Incomplete?

16.3 Parallel Full-Field Linear Imaging

16.4 Reconstruction from Diffraction Patterns

16.5 Structured Illumination Microscopy

16.6 Imaging Three-Dimensional Phase Objects

16.7 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 17. Nano-Holographic Interferometry for In-Vivo Observations

17.1 Introduction: Theoretical Basis of Nano Fourier Transform Holography

17.2 Gratings Illuminated by Evanescent Waves

17.3 Basic Setup Utilized for the Observation of Nano-Objects

17.4 System of Fringes Contained in the Recorded Image: Multi-k Vector Fields

17.5 Determination of the Pitch of the Gratings

17.6 Formation of the Holograms at the Nanoscale

17.7 Procedures to Extract Metrological Information from the Recorded Images

17.8 Analysis of the Scales

17.9 Observation of Nano-Sized Objects

17.10 Conclusions

References

Chapter 18. Fluorescence Phase Microscopy (FPM) and Nanoscopy

18.1 Introduction

18.2 The Fluorescence Self-Interference Process

18.3 Experimental Setups of FPM

18.4 Applications of FPM

18.5 Conclusions and Outlook

References

Index