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Diet-Microbe Interactions in the Gut
Effects on Human Health and Disease
1st Edition - August 4, 2014
Editors: Kieran Tuohy, Daniele Del Rio
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:9780124078253
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 0 7 8 2 5 - 3
eBook ISBN:9780124079410
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 0 7 9 4 1 - 0
Drawing on expert opinions from the fields of nutrition, gut microbiology, mammalian physiology, and immunology, Diet-Microbe Interactions for Human Health investigates the evide…Read more
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Drawing on expert opinions from the fields of nutrition, gut microbiology, mammalian physiology, and immunology, Diet-Microbe Interactions for Human Health investigates the evidence for a unified disease mechanism working through the gut and its resident microbiota, and linking many inflammation-related chronic diet associated diseases.State of the art post-genomic studies can highlight the important role played by our resident intestinal microbiota in determining human health and disease. Many chronic human diseases associated with modern lifestyles and diets — including those localized to the intestinal tract like inflammatory bowel disease and celiac disease, and more pervasive systemic conditions such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease — are characterized by aberrant profiles of gut bacteria or their metabolites. Many of these diseases have an inflammatory basis, often presenting with a chronic low-grade systemic inflammation, hinting at persistent and inappropriate activation of inflammatory pathways.Through the presentation and analysis of recent nutrition studies, this book discusses the possible mechanisms underpinning the disease processes associated with these pathologies, with high fat diets appearing to predispose to disease, and biologically active plant components, mainly fiber and polyphenols, appearing to reduce the risk of chronic disease development.
One comprehensive, translational source for all aspects of nutrition and diet's effect on gastrointestinal health and disease
Experts in nutrition, diet, microbiology and immunology take readers from the bench research (cellular and biochemical mechanisms of vitamins and nutrients) to new preventive and therapeutic approaches
Clear presentations by leading researchers of the cellular mechanisms underlying diet, immune response, and gastrointestinal disease help practicing nutritionists and clinicians (gastroenterologists, endocrinologists) map out new areas for clinical research and structuring clinical recommendations
Foreword
Acknowledgements
List of Contributors
Chapter 1. The Microbiota of the Human Gastrointestinal Tract: A Molecular View
Introduction
Gut Microbiota Metabolism in Health and Disease
Methodologies for Studying the Human Gut Microbiota
Spatial Distribution of the Gut Microbiota and Interactions with Diet
Models to Study Microbial Ecology
Conclusions
References
Chapter 2. A Nutritional Anthropology of the Human Gut Microbiota
Human Diet or Microbiota, Which Came First?
Metagenomics and Cultivation-Independent Assessment of Human Gut Microbiota
Microbiome and Human Nutritional Phenotype
The Gut Microbiota in Human Evolution
Population Metagenomic Variation within the Human Microbiota
The Western Diet Metagenome is Obesity Prone
Conclusions
References
Chapter 3. Probiotic Microorganisms for Shaping the Human Gut Microbiota – Mechanisms and Efficacy into the Future
Introduction
Let’s Start With the Definition of Probiotics
Shaping the Microbiota
The Neonatal Period
Adult Life and the Proposed Enterotype Classification
The Aged Period
Mechanisms and Efficacy
Efficacy in Healthy People
Conclusions
References
Chapter 4. Bifidobacteria of the Human Gut: Our Special Friends
Taxonomy of Bifidobacteria
Bifidobacterial Ecology
Bifidobacterial Populations in the Human Gut
Bifidobacteria as Probiotics
Bifidobacterial Genomics
Comparative Genomics and Bifidobacteria
Interaction Between Bifidobacteria and Their Hosts
Conclusions
References
Chapter 5. Shaping the Human Microbiome with Prebiotic Foods – Current Perspectives for Continued Development
Introduction
Linking Microbiome Structure and Function
Probiotics
Prebiotics
Testing Prebiotics
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6. Bioactivation of High-Molecular-Weight Polyphenols by the Gut Microbiome
Introduction
Proanthocyanidins
Hydrolyzable Tannins (Gallotannins and Ellagitannins)
Conclusions
References
Chapter 7. Gut Microbial Metabolism of Plant Lignans: Influence on Human Health
Introduction
Conversion of Plant Lignans to Enterolignans by Gut Bacteria
Associations Between Lignan Exposure and Human Health
Interindividual Differences in Lignan Metabolism
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 8. Gut Microbiome Modulates Dietary Xenobiotic Toxicity: The Case of DON and Its Derivatives
Introduction
Gastric Stability of DON Derivatives
Bacterial Transformation and Intestinal Absorption of DON and its Derivatives
DON and DON-Conjugates Impact on the Human Gut
References
Chapter 9. Gut Microbiota–Immune System Crosstalk: Implications for Metabolic Disease
Gut Microbial Recognition by the Immune System
Intestinal Barrier, Gut Permeability and Metabolic Inflammation
Effects of Intestinal Bacterial Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) on Inflammation and Metabolism
Dietary Fat Metabolism, Bile Acids and Gut Microbiota
Diet, Tmao, Gut Microbiota and Atherosclerosis
Immune Versus Metabolic Functions in Intestinal Epithelial Cells Gene Networks
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10. The Interplay of Epigenetics and Epidemiology in Autoimmune Diseases: Time for Geoepigenetics
The Etiology and Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Disease
The Rationale for Geoepigenetics
Geoepigenetics of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Geoepigenetics of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Geoepigenetics of Systemic Sclerosis
Conclusions
References
Chapter 11. Obesity-Associated Gut Microbiota: Characterization and Dietary Modulation
The Obesity Pandemic
Genetic Determinants of Obesity
Obesity Associated Gut Microbiota
Interactions between Gut Microbes and Obesity: “The Energy Extraction Theory”
Interactions between Gut Microbes and Obesity: “The Appetite Control Theory”
Interactions between Gut Microbes and Obesity: “The Inflammation Theory”
Gut Microbiota as a Therapeutic Target of Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics
Conclusions
References
Chapter 12. An Apple a Day Keeps the Doctor Away – Inter-Relationship Between Apple Consumption, the Gut Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Disease Risk Reduction
Chapter 13. Whole Plant Foods and Colon Cancer Risk
Introduction
Diet and Colorectal Cancer
Biological Activity and Anticancer Properties of Whole-Grain Cereals
Biological Activity and Anticancer Properties of Brassica Vegetables
Human Studies
Biological Activity and Anticancer Properties of Berry Fruits
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14. Population Level Divergence from the Mediterranean Diet and the Risk of Cancer and Metabolic Disease
Mediterranean Diet as the Traditional Diet of Southern Europe
The Evidence-Based Health Protection by Mediterranean Diet
Mediterranean Diet as a Health Protection Model
Mediterranean Food Consumption and Human Gut Microbiota
References
Chapter 15. Diet and the Gut Microbiota – How the Gut: Brain Axis Impacts on Autism
Background
Gut Microbiota and ASD
Amino Acid Metabolism
Lipid Metabolism and the Brain
Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA) and the Brain
Gut Microbiota and Digestive Function
Probiotics, Gut Microbiota Successional Development and Brain Function
Conclusions
References
Index
No. of pages: 268
Language: English
Edition: 1
Published: August 4, 2014
Imprint: Academic Press
Hardback ISBN: 9780124078253
eBook ISBN: 9780124079410
KT
Kieran Tuohy
Kieran Tuohy received his PhD from the University of Surrey (UK) in 2000 under the supervision of Professor Ian Rowland, an MSc. in Environmental Microbiology from the University of Aberdeen, Scotland, and a BSc. in Industrial Microbiology from University College Dublin, Ireland. He worked for 10 years in the group of Professor Glenn Gibson within the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Reading, first as post doctoral researcher and then as Lecturer in Food Metabonomics. His research at Reading focused on measuring the impact diet, especially probiotics and prebiotics on the human gut microbiota. In 2010 he moved to Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Trento, Italy and set up a new research team working on diet:microbe interactions with a special focus on whole plant foods. He now leads the Nutrition and Nutrigenomics Group at FEM with a research focus on whole plant foods, plant bioactives, especially fiber, prebiotics and polyphenols, fermented dairy products and probiotics. He is an Associate Editor of the International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, is on the scientific steering committee of the NutrEvent series of innovation events in the area of food, nutrition and health, and has been involved in a number of expert activities and events organised by the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) Europe and the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP).
Affiliations and expertise
Group Leader Nutrition and Nutrigenomics, Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach, 1 San Michele all'Adige,Trento, 38010 Italy
DD
Daniele Del Rio
Daniele Del Rio was appointed Assistant Professor at the University of Parma in 2005, after gaining his doctorate under the supervision of Prof. Furio Brighenti. During his PhD and post-doctoral years, he repeatedly visited the Plant Products and Human Nutrition Group led by Prof. Alan Crozier at the University of Glasgow, where he developed interests and expertise in advanced analysis of polyphenols and their metabolites in food and human samples. Thanks to this fruitful international connection, as one of the leading researchers in the field, he is running the Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology at the Department of Food Science in Parma and is the co-founder of the LS9 "Bioactives & Health" Interlaboratory Group, where the biological activity of human microbiota derived phytochemical metabolites represents one of the core research topics. Daniele is a Visiting Scholar at the Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research Unit in Cambridge and a senior collaborator of the Need for Nutrition Education/Innovation Programme (NNEdPro), an independent knowledge generation and research platform also based in Cambridge. He is a member of the Board of Directors of the University Spin-Off "Madegus", focused on Nutritional Education for Children and Associate Editor of the International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition.
Affiliations and expertise
Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Italy
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