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Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction
4th Edition - November 15, 2014
Editors: Tony M. Plant, Anthony J. Zeleznik
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:9780123971753
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 3 9 7 1 7 5 - 3
eBook ISBN:9780123977694
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 3 9 7 7 6 9 - 4
The Fourth Edition of Knobil & Neill continues to serve as a reference aid for research, to provide the historical context to current research, and most importantly as an ai…Read more
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The Fourth Edition of Knobil & Neill continues to serve as a reference aid for research, to provide the historical context to current research, and most importantly as an aid for graduate teaching on a broad range of topics in human and comparative reproduction. In the decade since the publication of the last edition, the study of reproductive physiology has undergone monumental changes. Chief among these advances are in the areas of stem cell development, signaling pathways, the role of inflammation in the regulatory processes in the various tissues, and the integration of new animal models which have led to a greater understanding of human disease. The new edition synthesizes all of this new information at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels of organization and present modern physiology a more understandable and comparative context.
The Fourth Edition has been extensively revised, reflecting new fundamental advancements in this rapidly advancing field.
Provides a common language for researchers across the fields of physiology, endocrinology, and biology to discuss their understanding of reproduction.
Saves academic researchers time in quickly accessing the very latest details on reproductive physiology, as opposed to searching through thousands of journal articles.
Graduate students, researchers, and academic clinicians in the fields of reproductive physiology, reproductive endocrinology, neuro-endocrinology, as well as fellows/residents in obstetrics and gynecology who specialize in reproductive endocrinology
Illustration Credits
Introduction
Preface
Foreword by Roy O. Greep
Foreword by M. Susan Smith
Volume 1
Section I. Gametes, Fertilization and Embryogenesis
Chapter 1. Mammalian Meiosis
Introduction
Initiation of Meiosis in Mammals
Prophase I
Chromosome Segregation at Metaphase I (MI) and Meiotic Progression
Disorders of Meiosis
Conclusion
Chapter 2. The Mammalian Oocyte
Introduction
Cell Biology of the Oocyte
The Growth Phase of Oogenesis
Maturation Phase of Oogenesis: The Final Act
Clinical Parameters of Oocyte Biology
Conclusion
Chapter 3. The Spermatozoon
Introduction
The Sperm Plasma Membrane
The Sperm Head
The Flagellum
Conclusion
Chapter 4. Fertilization in Mammals
Introduction
Sperm Capacitation
Sperm–Egg Interaction
Sperm–Egg Plasma Membrane Interactions
Events Following Sperm–Egg Membrane Fusion
Signaling Pathways Responsible for the Events of Egg Activation
Conclusion
Addendum
Chapter 5. Gamete and Zygote Transport
Introduction
Sperm Transport
Oocyte and Embryo Transport in the Oviduct
Conclusion
Chapter 6. Preimplantation Embryo Development and Primordial Germ Cell Lineage Specification
Introduction
Embryogenesis
Embryonic Stem Cells
Germ Line Development
Gonadal Stem Cells
Generation of Gametes from Pluripotent Stem Cells
Conclusion
Chapter 7. Sex Determination and Differentiation
Introduction
Chromosomal Sex
Gonadal Sex
Phenotypic Sex
Conclusion
Section II. Gonadal Steroids, Pituitary and Hypothalamus
Chapter 8. Human Steroid Biosynthesis
Introduction
General Concepts
The Conversion of Cholesterol to Pregnenolone and Mitochondrial Steroid Metabolism
Steroid Hydroxylation and the Microsomal P450 Enzymes
HSDs, the Terminal Steps, and Peripheral Metabolism
Steroid Sulfonation
Steroid Degradation and Excretion
Pathways
Comparison with Other Species
Conclusion
Chapter 9. Gonadal Steroid Action
Introduction
Transcriptional Actions of Gonadal Steroids
Nontranscriptional Effectors of Gonadal Steroids
Steroid Signaling via Membrane Receptors
Coregulators and Gonadal Steroid Physiology
Informatic Approaches and Transcriptional Regulation by Gonadal Steroids
Conclusion
Chapter 10. Gonadotropes and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Signaling
Introduction
Gonadotropes
Pituitary Actions and Mechanisms of Action of GnRH
Autocrine and Paracrine Regulation of Gonadotropes
Conclusion
Chapter 11. Physiology of the Adult Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neuronal Network
Introduction
The GnRH Neuron
Components of the GnRH Neuronal Network
Synchronization and Pulsatility
Heterogeneity within the GnRH Neuronal Phenotype
Estrous Cycle Plasticity
Conclusion
Chapter 12. Hypothalamic Control of Prolactin Secretion, and the Multiple Reproductive Functions of Prolactin
Introduction
The Prolactin Receptor and Signal Transduction
Neuroendocrine Control of Prolactin Secretion
Lactotroph Function
Patterns of Prolactin Secretion
Reproductive Functions of Prolactin
Prolactin-Induced Adaptive Responses Contributing to Successful Reproduction
Reproductive Actions of Prolactin in the Male
Prolactin and Reproductive Disorders
Conclusion
Chapter 13. Central Nervous System Control of Oxytocin Secretion during Lactation
Introduction
Milk Ejection in Response to Suckling is an Atypical Neuronal Reflex
The Behavior of OT Neurons during Milk Ejection—The Rat Model
The Afferent Pathway Mediating Milk Ejection
Neurotransmitters/Neuromodulators Mediating the Milk Ejection Reflex
Electrophysiological Properties of OT Neurons and Their Plasticity during Lactation
Synaptic Plasticity during Lactation
A Model for Milk Ejection
Conclusion
Section III. Male Reproductive System
Chapter 14. Testicular Development
Introduction
Anatomical, Histological, and Morphometric Development
Control of Testis Development
Germ Cells
Testicular Development and Adult Health
Conclusion
Chapter 15. Spermatogonial Stem Cells and Spermatogenesis
Introduction
Spermatogonial Stem Cells and Spermatogenic Lineage Development
Experimental Tools for Studying Spermatogonial Stem Cells
Regenerative Potential of Spermatogonial Stem Cells and Translation to the Clinic
Conclusion
Chapter 16. Hormone Signaling in the Testis
Introduction
Luteinizing Hormone
Testosterone
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
Thyroid Hormone
Estrogen
Activin and Inhibin
Other Hormones
Conclusion
Chapter 17. The Epididymis
Introduction
Development of the Epididymis
Structural Organization of the Epididymis
Functions Taking Place in the Luminal Compartment
Regulation of Epididymal Functions
Major Protein Families in the Epididymis and Their Regulation
Aging
The Epididymis as Target for Xenobiotics
Conclusion
Chapter 18. Accessory Sex Glands in the Male
Introduction
Anatomy and Histology
Embryology and Development
Function of Sex Accessory Tissues
Regulation of the Adult Prostate
Diseases of the Prostate Gland
Conclusion
Chapter 19. The Immunophysiology of Male Reproduction
Introduction
Structure and Function of the Male Reproductive Tract Relevant to Immunophysiology
The Immune System and Its Endocrine Control
Immune Cells of the Male Reproductive Tract
Immunological and Inflammatory Mediators in the Testis
Effects of Immune Cells and Inflammation on Male Reproduction
Autoimmunity in the Male Reproductive Tract
Immune Privilege in the Male Reproductive Tract
Innate Immunity in the Male Reproductive Tract: The Response to Infections and Tumors
Implications, Applications, and the Next 10 Years
Conclusion
Section IV. Female Reproductive System
Chapter 20. Gonadotropin Signaling in the Ovary
Introduction
FSH Signals Promote Follicular Maturation
FSH Signaling Pathways that Stimulate Granulosa Cell Differentiation and Proliferation: cAMP and PKA-dependent Signaling
Cross Talk among FSH-Regulated Signaling Pathways and Transcriptional Activators to Regulate Gene Expression during Granulosa Cell Differentiation
LH Signals that Regulate Theca Cell Functions
The LH Surge Promotes Oocyte Maturation, Ovulation, and Corpus Luteum Formation
Mechanisms by Which LH Stimulates Oocyte Maturation, Ovulation, and Luteinization
Molecular Basis for the Differential Regulation of Target Gene Expression by FSH in Preantral and LH in Preovulatory Granulosa Cells
Conclusion
Chapter 21. Follicular Development: Mouse, Sheep, and Human Models
Introduction
Morphology of Folliculogenesis
Primordial Follicle Formation
The Primordial to Primary Follicle Transition
Regulation of Folliculogenesis by TGFβ Family Signaling in the Ovary
Transcription Factors in Preantral-stage Folliculogenesis
Antral Follicle Development
Metabolic Influences on Follicle Development
Conclusion
Chapter 22. Ovulation
Introduction
Ovulation: A Performance Played by Many Actors
Setting the Stage: Granulosa Cell Functions in Preovulatory Follicles
On-Stage Act I: Linking the LH Receptor to Other Signaling Pathways in Granulosa Cells
On-Stage Act II: Signal Connections between Granulosa Cells and the Cumulus Cell–Oocyte Complex during Ovulation
On-Stage Act III: The Oocyte Reigns at Center Stage
On-Stage Act IV: Key Transcription Factors That Impact Ovulation
On Stage Act V: Key Proteases in Ovulation
On Stage Act VI: Cumulus Cells Have Immune-Like Functions and a Distinct Fate
Off-Stage and Behind the Scenes: Follicle Atresia and Granulosa Cell Apoptosis
Translational Clinical Considerations
Conclusion
Chapter 23. Structure, Function, and Regulation of the Corpus Luteum
Introduction
Classification of Types of Corpora Lutea
Luteinization
Luteolysis
Regulation of Luteal Structure and Function
Luteal Cell Types and Their Regulation
Conclusion
Chapter 24. Human Oviduct and Endometrium: Changes over the Menstrual Cycle
Introduction
Anatomy, Embryology, and Histology: An Overview
Oviduct
Endometrium
Conclusion
Chapter 25. Steroid Receptors in the Uterus and Ovary
Introduction
The Steroid Receptors
Sex Steroid Receptors in Uterine Function
Sex Steroid Receptors and Ovarian Function
Summary
Conclusion
Volume 2
Section V. Physiological Control Systems and Governing Gonadal Function
Chapter 26. Neuroendocrine Control of the Ovarian Cycle of the Rat
Introduction
Overview of the Estrous Cycle
Ovarian Events during the Estrous Cycle
Patterns of Pituitary Hormone SecretIon and mRNA Levels during the Estrous Cycle
Neural Events during the Estrous Cycle
Control of Pituitary Hormone Secretion
Regulation of the Corpus Luteum
Conclusion
Chapter 27. Control of the Ovarian Cycle of the Sheep
Introduction
Description of the Ovine Estrous Cycle
Analysis of the Ovine Estrous Cycle
Resynthesis: A Model for the Ovine Estrous Cycle
Seasonal Control of Ovarian Cyclicity in the Ewe
Conclusion
Chapter 28. Control of the Menstrual Cycle
Introduction
Overview of the Menstrual Cycle
Folliculogenesis
Selection of the Preovulatory Follicle
Ovulation
Corpus Luteum Formation and Function
Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy
Conclusion
Chapter 29. Pathophysiology of Ovarian Function in the Human Female
Introduction
Physiology of Human Ovarian Function
Disorders of Ovulation
Conclusion
Chapter 30. Puberty in Mice and Rats
Introduction
Rats and Mice as Models
Puberty and Development
Modulatory Influences Regulating the Timing of Puberty
Conclusion
Chapter 31. Puberty in the Sheep
Introduction
Neuroendocrine Sequence during the Transition into Adulthood
Determinants Timing the Transition into Adulthood: The Core Issue
Sex Differences in Timing the Transition into Adulthood
Conclusion
Chapter 32. Puberty in Non-human Primates and Man
Introduction
Gonadal and Adrenal Function during Puberty
Pubertal Staging
Secular Trends
Pituitary Gonadotrope Function during Puberty
Neuroendocrine Control of Gonadotropin Secretion in the Adult
Developmental Pattern of Gonadotropin Secretion
Gonadal Independence of the Postnatal Switches and the Hypogonadotropic State of Juvenile Development
Neurobiological Bases of the Juvenile Hiatus in Pulsatile GnRH Release and Initiation of Puberty
Theoretical Physiological Controls Governing the Duration of the Prepubertal Hiatus in GnRH Secretion
Genetics, Epigenetics and Puberty Genes
Fetal Programming and the Onset of Puberty
Exteroceptive Cues and the Timing of Puberty
Disorders of Pubertal Development
Conclusion
Chapter 33. Neuroendocrine Control of Gonadotropin Secretion: Comparative Aspects
Introduction
Historical Development of Concepts for Feedback Control of Gonadotropin Secretion
Modifications in the Model: Species Differences in Gonadal Feedback
Neuroendocrine Systems Mediating Steroid Feedback
Physiological Disruptions of Reproductive Function
Conclusion
Chapter 34. Seasonal Regulation of Reproduction in Mammals
Introduction
Ecological Context for Seasonal Breeding: Ultimate Factors and Proximate Cues
Role of the Pineal Hormone Melatonin in Mammalian Seasonal Breeding
Melatonin Receptors and Sites of Action
Identifying Functionally Important Sites of Melatonin Action
The PT and Thyroid Hormone-Dependent Control of Seasonal Breeding
Hypothalamic Neural Pathways Involved in Neuroendocrine Control of Seasonal Breeding—The Role of RF-Amide Signaling Pathways
Hypotheses Linking Hypothalamic T3 Content to Hypothalamic Neural Changes Driving Seasonal Breeding: A Pivotal Role for Tanycytes?
Conclusion
Chapter 35. Physiological Mechanisms for the Metabolic Control of Reproduction
Introduction
Metabolic Hormones Regulate Reproduction: Roles of Leptin, Insulin, and Ghrelin
Metabolic Targeting of GnRH Neurons: Direct Actions and Indirect Pathways
Kiss1 Neurons as Central Relays of Metabolic Information: Expression and Functional Studies
Leptin Signaling and Kiss1 Neurons: Direct, Indirect, or Independent Effects?
Other Products of Kiss1 Neurons in the Metabolic Control of Reproduction: The Role of KNDy Neuropeptides
Other Central Transmitters in the Metabolic Control of Reproduction
Molecular Mediators for the Central Control of the HPG Axis by Metabolic Signals
Reproductive Effects of Metabolic Hormones outside the Brain: Pituitary and Gonadal Actions
Conclusion
Chapter 36. Stress and the Reproductive System
Introduction
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
Stress and the Reproductive System
Stress and the Female Reproductive Cycle
Conclusion
Chapter 37. Aging and Reproduction
Introduction
Female Reproductive Aging
Male Reproductive Aging
Conclusion
Section VI. Pregnancy and Lactation
Chapter 38. Embryo Implantation
Introduction
Physiological and Morphological Aspects of Embryo–Uterine Interactions
Delayed Implantation (Mammalian Diapause)
Molecular Aspects of Embryo–Uterine Interactions
Adverse Ripple Effects Arising from Early-Pregnancy Events
Future Directions: Evolving Technologies and Discoveries
Conclusion
Chapter 39. Placenta and Placental Transport Function
Introduction
Comparative Placentation
Human Placental Morphology
Human Placental Development
Methods to Study Placental Transport Functions
Basic Concepts in Maternal–Fetal Exchange
Placental Transport of Specific Molecules
Placental Transport in Complications of Pregnancy
Conclusion
Chapter 40. Placental Endocrine Function and Hormone Action
Introduction
Protein Hormones of the Placenta
Steroid Hormones of the Placenta
Placental Hypothalamic-like Neuropeptide and Peptide Hormones
Adipokines
Conclusion
Chapter 41. Immunology of Pregnancy
Introduction
Immunological Features of the Nonpregnant Uterus
Immunology of Embryo Implantation
Genetic Disparity and the Immunological Paradox of Pregnancy
Immunology of Pregnancy: The Maternal Contribution
Immunology of Pregnancy: The Fetal Contribution
Immunological Origins of Pregnancy Disorders
Conclusion
Chapter 42. Parturition
Introduction
Human Evolution and Birth Timing
The Gravid Uterus
The Hormonal Regulation of Parturition
Pathophysiology of Human Parturition
Clinical Control of Parturition: Tocolytics and Induction of Labor
Conclusion
Chapter 43. Maternal Adaptations to Pregnancy
Introduction
Metabolic Adaptations
Cardiovascular Adaptations
Respiratory System Adaptations
Renal Adaptations
Pharmacokinetics of Pregnancy
Conclusion
Chapter 44. Maternal Brain Adaptations in Pregnancy
Introduction
Osmoregulation in Pregnancy
Food Intake and Metabolism in Pregnancy
The Prolactin System: Preparation for Lactation
The Hypothalamo–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis
Magnocellular Oxytocin Neuron System in Pregnancy
Cognition during Pregnancy
Maternal Behavior
Conclusion
Chapter 45. Fetal Epigenetic Origins of Disease
Introduction
Epigenetics
The Epigenetics of Fertilization
Imprinting
Imprinting Disorders
Imprinting Disorders and ART
The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: Maternal Constraints
The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: Paternal Constraints
Areas of Emerging Interest
Conclusion
Chapter 46. Lactation and its Hormonal Control
Introduction
Developmental Aspects of Milk Secretion
Cell–Cell Interactions in the Mammary Epithelium
Milk Composition and its Regulation
Meeting the Energy Requirements of Lactation
Milk Ejection
Conclusion
Section VII. Reproductive Behavior and its Control
Chapter 47. Sexual Differentiation of Brain and Behavior
Introduction
A Brief History and Definition of Terms
Agents of Sexual Differentiation
The Role of Sex Chromosomes
Effects of Gonadal Hormones: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms
Critical Periods
Sexual Differentiation in Different Contexts
The Relationship between Structure and Function
The Role of Hormones and Other Biological Factors in Sexual Differentiation of Human Behavior
What Will the Future Bring?
Conclusion
Chapter 48. Mate Selection, Sexual Orientation, and Pair Bonding
Introduction
Evolutionary Significance of Mate Choice
Mate Choice and Mating Strategies
Different Facets of Mate Choice
Species Specificity in Mate Selection
Sexual Partner Preference and Sexual Orientation
Specific Individual Features Influencing Mate Choice
Pair Bonding
Conclusion
Chapter 49. Male Sexual Behavior
Introduction
Patterns of Sexual Behavior of Male Mammals
Measures of Penile Function
The Role of the Penis in Male Sexual Behavior
Principles of Hormone Action
Activation of Male Sexual Behavior by Gonadal Hormones
Effects of Systemically or Intracerebroventricularly Administered Drugs
Brain Areas Implicated in Control of Male Sexual Behavior
Central Integrative Areas
Major Motor Outputs
Circuitry and Anatomical Interconnections
Conclusion
Chapter 50. Female Sexual Behavior
Introduction
Commonalities, Homologies, Analogies, and Models
Anatomy and Physiology of Sexual Sensory Systems
Hormonal Priming and Control
Neural Organization
Consequences of Sexual Stimulation
Conclusion
Chapter 51. Parenting Behavior
Introduction
Components of Parental Care
Considerations for Understanding the Hormonal Regulation of Maternal Care
Hormones Most Significant for the Onset of Maternal Behavior in Rodents, Sheep, and Humans
Hormones Most Significant for Paternal Behaviors
Sensory Control of Maternal Care
Brain Control of Maternal Behaviors
Brain Control of Paternal Behaviors
Conclusion
Chapter 52. Epigenetics of Reproduction
Introduction
Other Epigenetic Mechanisms
Epigenetics and the Physiology of Reproduction
Methods in Epigenetics
Conclusion
Index
Color Plates
Color Plates
No. of pages: 2684
Language: English
Edition: 4
Published: November 15, 2014
Imprint: Academic Press
Hardback ISBN: 9780123971753
eBook ISBN: 9780123977694
TP
Tony M. Plant
Dr. Tony M. Plant studied for his PhD with Dr. Richard P. Michael in London and completed his postdoctoral training with Dr. Ernst Knobil in Pittsburgh in 1978. Since then, his research has been continuously funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to study non-human primate models in order to better understand human reproduction. Dr. Plant has been particularly interested in the neurobiology of puberty onset, the neuroendocrine control of the menstrual cycle and testis, the endocrine control of spermatogenesis and, most recently, in the cell and molecular biology underlying spermatogonial differentiation. From 1985 until 2013 he served as Director of a multi-investigator, NIH-funded Center to study the physiology of reproduction, and he served as President of the International Neuroendocrine Federation (INF) from 2007-2010. He is a Foreign Fellow of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences and an honorary member of the Polish Neuroendocrine Society. Dr. Plant is also the recipient of the INF 2014 Geoffrey Harris Lecture.
Affiliations and expertise
Professor, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Physiology Director, Center for Research in Reproductive Physiology (CRRP), Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
AZ
Anthony J. Zeleznik
Dr. Anthony J. Zeleznik received his PhD in Physiology from the University of Michigan in 1975. His doctoral work, conducted under the direction of Dr. A. Rees Midgley, Jr., was the first to document that a principal action of follicle stimulating hormone in the ovary was to induce LH receptors on granulosa cells, an action that enables the follicle to ovulate and luteinize in response to LH. Following the completion of postdoctoral work under the direction of Drs. Jesse Roth and Griff Ross at the National Institutes of Health, Dr. Zeleznik joined the Department of Physiology at the University of Pittsburgh in 1978, where he began a systematic investigation on the physiological and cellular control mechanisms that govern the menstrual cycle in higher primates. Dr. Zeleznik served on the Editorial Boards of Endocrinology, Biology of Reproduction, The American Journal of Physiology and the Journal of Endocrinology, as well as having been appointed as a member of three NIH Study Sections.
Affiliations and expertise
Professor, Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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