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Vascular Transport in Plants
1st Edition - June 20, 2005
Editors: N. Michelle Holbrook, Maciej A. Zwieniecki
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:9780120884575
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 0 8 8 4 5 7 - 5
eBook ISBN:9780080454238
9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 4 5 4 2 3 - 8
Vascular Transport in Plants provides an up-to-date synthesis of new research on the biology of long distance transport processes in plants. It is a valuable resource and refere…Read more
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Vascular Transport in Plants provides an up-to-date synthesis of new research on the biology of long distance transport processes in plants. It is a valuable resource and reference for researchers and graduate level students in physiology, molecular biology, physiology, ecology, ecological physiology, development, and all applied disciplines related to agriculture, horticulture, forestry and biotechnology. The book considers long-distance transport from the perspective of molecular level processes to whole plant function, allowing readers to integrate information relating to vascular transport across multiple scales. The book is unique in presenting xylem and phloem transport processes in plants together in a comparative style that emphasizes the important interactions between these two parallel transport systems.
Includes 105 exceptional figures
Discusses xylem and phloem transport in a single volume, highlighting their interactions
Syntheses of structure, function and biology of vascular transport by leading authorities
Poses unsolved questions and stimulates future research
Provides a new conceptual framework for vascular function in plants
Plant physiologists, plant biologists, plant ecophysiologists, research foresters, horticulturalists, agronomists, and paleontologists.
Preface
Acknowledgment
Part I: Fundamentals of transport
Chapter 1: Perspectives on the Biophysics of Xylem Transport
Publisher Summary
The Biophysics of Sap Ascent in the Xylem
Discussion
Chapter 2: Physiochemical Determinants of Phloem Transport
Publisher Summary
Structure-Functional Basics of Phloem Transport
Generation of a Hydraulic Pressure Gradient in Collection Phloem
Maintenance of Hydraulic Pressure Gradient in Transport Phloem
Manipulation of the Hydraulic Pressure Gradient in Release Phloem
Radius of the Sieve Tubes
Viscosity, Sugar Species, and Concentrations in Sieve Tubes
Physiochemical Relationship Between Xylem and Phloem Pathway
Concluding Remarks
Notations
Chapter 3: Pathways and Mechanisms of Phloem Loading
Publisher Summary
Minor Veins
Transport Between Mesophyll Cells
The Role of Phloem Parenchyma Cells
Entry into the SE/CCC via the Apoplast
Entry into the SE/CCC via the Symplast
Symplastic Phloem Loading by the Polymer Trap
Mixed Loading
Solute Flux Between Companion Cells and Sieve Elements
Solute Exchange Between the Phloem and Flanking Tissues
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Chapter 4: Stomatal Control and Water Transport in the Xylem
Publisher Summary
Origins of the Association Between Stomata and Xylem
Biophysical Properties of Stomata and Xylem
Linking Hydraulics with Gas Exchange
Summary
Part II: Transport attributes of leaves, roots, and fruits
Chapter 5: Leaf Hydraulics and Its Implications in Plant Structure and Function
Publisher Summary
Leaf Hydraulic Conductance in the Whole-Plant System
How Does Water Flow from the Petiole to the Sites of Evaporation?
Coordination of Kleaf, Venation System Design, and Leaf Shape
Coordination of Kleaf and Leaf Water Storage
Coordination of KIeaf with Other Aspects of Leaf Structure, Carbon Economy, and Drought Tolerance
Variability of Kleaf Across Environments, Diurnally, and with Leaf Age
Summary of Directions for Future Research
Acknowledgments
Chapter 6: Interaction of Phloem and Xylem During Phloem Loading: Functional Symplasmic Roles for Thin- and Thick-Walled Sieve Tubes in Monocotyledons
Publisher Summary
Structural Considerations of the Loading Pathway
Role of Thin- and Thick-Walled Sieve Tubes
Experimental Evidence for Apoplast/Symplast Transfer Between Xylem and Phloem
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
Chapter 7: Water Flow in Roots: Structural and regulatory features
Publisher Summary
Structural Components of the Radial Pathway
Regulation of Radial Hydraulic Conductivity by Aquaporins
Regulation of Root Axial Hydraulic Conductivity
Conclusions and Directions for Future Research
Acknowledgments
Chapter 8: Roots as an Integrated Part of the Translocation Pathway
Publisher Summary
Root Growth and Solute Deposition
Roots Have Symplastic and Apoplastic Domains of Unloading
Does Transporter Distribution Fit a Chimeric Distribution of Unloading?
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Chapter 9: Growth and Water Transport in Fleshy Fruit
Publisher Summary
Fleshy Fruit Growth, Expansion, and Contraction
Leaf, Stem, and Fruit Water Potential
Vascular Flows in Developing Fruit
Fruit Turgor and Apoplastic Solutes
Conclusions
Part III: Integration of xylem and phloem
Chapter 10: The Stem Apoplast: A potential communication channel in plant growth regulation
Publisher Summary
The Short-Term Buffer
What Are the Opportunities to Affect Leakage and Retrieval?
Summary
Acknowledgments
Chapter 11: The Role of Potassium in Long Distance Transport in Plants
Publisher Summary
Potassium and the Xylem
Potassium and the Phloem
Vascular Anatomy, Xylem-Phloem Integration, and Potassium
Acknowledgments
Chapter 12: Coordination Between Shoots and Roots
Publisher Summary
Structure and Function
Regulatory Signals
Global Change and Shoot/Root Coordination
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Chapter 13: Sweeping Water, Oozing Carbon: Long Distance Transport and Patterns of Rhizosphere Resource Exchange
Publisher Summary
Long Distance Transport of Carbon
Long Distance Transport of Water
Future Directions for Rhizosphere Research
Acknowledgments
Part IV: Development, structure, and function
Chapter 14: From Cambium to Early Cell Differentiation Within the Secondary Vascular System
Publisher Summary
Vascular Cambium
Vascular Cambium and the Early Stages of Cell Differentiation
Final Comments
Acknowledgments
Chapter 15: Structure-Function Relationships in Sapwood Water Transport and Storage
Publisher Summary
Radial Changes in Wood Anatomical Characteristics and Hydraulic Properties
How Species-Specific Characteristics of Sapwood Affect Whole-Tree Water Transport
Prospects for Further Research
Acknowledgments
Chapter 16: Efficiency Versus Safety Tradeoffs for Water Conduction in Angiosperm Vessels Versus Gymnosperm Tracheids
Publisher Summary
Tradeoffs in Interconduit Pit Function
Conduit Size and the Conductivity Versus Air-Seeding Tradeoff
Conductivity Versus Safety from Cavitation by Freeze-Thaw
Discussion
Acknowledgments
Chapter 17: Vascular Constraints and Long Distance Transport in Dicots
Publisher Summary
Vascular Architecture of Xylem and Phloem
Coupling Environmental Heterogeneity and Sectoriality
Techniques and Prospects for Further Research
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Part V: Limits to long distance transport
Chapter 18: Embolism Repair and Long Distance Water Transport
Publisher Summary
Evidence for Refilling Under Tension
Potential Refilling Mechanisms
Cell Membrane Osmosis
Pit Membrane Osmosis
Tissue Pressure
Membrane Asymmetry
Vascular Anatomy and Refilling
Conclusions: How Important Is Embolism Repair?
Acknowledgments
Chapter 19: Impacts of Freezing on Long Distance Transport in Woody Plants
Publisher Summary
Survival of Living Tissues at Low Temperatures
Cold Acclimation
Impacts of Freezing on Water-Conducting Conduits of the Xylem
Impacts of Cold Temperatures and Freezing on the Phloem
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Chapter 20: Interactive Effects of Freezing and Drought on Long Distance Transport: A Case Study of Chaparral Shrubs of California
Publisher Summary
Evolutionary History of Chaparral in Relation to Freezing and Drought
Distribution of Ceanothus, Rhus, and Malosma Species Along a Freezing Gradient
Distribution of Ceanothus, Rhus, and Malosma Species Corresponds to Freezing Tolerance of Leaves
With the Exception of R. ovata, Distribution of Chaparral Shrubs Corresponds to Susceptibility to Freeze-Thaw-Induced Embolism
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Chapter 21: Transport Challenges in Tall Trees
Publisher Summary
The Physical Setting and Its Problems
Mechanisms Compensating for Height Constraints
Interaction Between Stomatal Regulation and Xylem Transport
Conclusions and Directions for Future Research
Chapter 22: Senescence in Secondary Xylem: Heartwood Formation as an Active Developmental Program
Publisher Summary
The Role of Parenchyma Cell Death in Heartwood Formation
Metabolic Activity and Carbohydrate Storage in Aging Sapwood
Loss of Conductive Function in Secondary Xylem and Phloem
Wound Compartmentalization Versus Heartwood Formation
Conclusions and Directions for Future Research
Acknowledgments
Part VI: Evolution of transport tissues
Chapter 23: The Evolutionary History of Roots and Leaves
Publisher Summary
Roots
Leaves
Conclusions and Future Research
Acknowledgments
Chapter 24: Are Vessels in Seed Plants Evolutionary Innovations to Similar Ecological Contexts?
Publisher Summary
Tracheid and Vessel Hydraulic Properties
Ancestral Habitats for Vessel Origin in Vessel-Bearing Seed Plants
Why Vessels in Wet, Shaded Habitats
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Chapter 25: Hydraulic Properties of the Xylem in Plants of Different Photosynthetic Pathways
Publisher Summary
Conceptual Background: How Should WUE Changes Affect Xylem Hydraulics?
Initial Work on Xylem Function in C4 and CAM Species
Comprehensive Surveys of Hydraulic Function in C3 and C4 Species
Ecological Consequences of Photosynthetic Pathway on Xylem Function
Atmospheric CO2 and the Evolution of Modern Wood
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Part VII: Synthesis
Chapter 26: Integration of Long Distance Transport Systems in Plants: Perspectives and Prospects for Future Research
Publisher Summary
Xylem
Phloem
Xylem and Phloem Together: Whole Organism Integration
Index
Physiological Ecology
No. of pages: 592
Language: English
Edition: 1
Published: June 20, 2005
Imprint: Academic Press
Hardback ISBN: 9780120884575
eBook ISBN: 9780080454238
NH
N. Michelle Holbrook
Professor of Biology and Charles Bullard Professor of Forestry in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University. Her research examines the physics of plant form and function with an emphasis on vascular transport.
Affiliations and expertise
Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A.
MZ
Maciej A. Zwieniecki
Sargent Research Fellow at The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. His research interests focus on the biology and biophysics of transport processes in plants and the water relations of tree in their natural environments.