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Quantitative Human Physiology
An Introduction
2nd Edition - December 16, 2016
Author: Joseph J Feher
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:9780128008836
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 0 8 8 3 - 6
eBook ISBN:9780128011546
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 1 1 5 4 - 6
Quantitative Human Physiology: An Introduction, winner of a 2018 Textbook Excellence Award (Texty), is the first text to meet the needs of the undergraduate bioengineering studen…Read more
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Quantitative Human Physiology: An Introduction, winner of a 2018 Textbook Excellence Award (Texty), is the first text to meet the needs of the undergraduate bioengineering student who is being exposed to physiology for the first time, but requires a more analytical/quantitative approach. This book explores how component behavior produces system behavior in physiological systems. Through text explanation, figures, and equations, it provides the engineering student with a basic understanding of physiological principles with an emphasis on quantitative aspects.
Winner of a 2018 Textbook Excellence Award (College) (Texty) from the Textbook and Academic Authors Association
Features a quantitative approach that includes physical and chemical principles
Provides a more integrated approach from first principles, integrating anatomy, molecular biology, biochemistry and physiology
Includes clinical applications relevant to the biomedical engineering student (TENS, cochlear implants, blood substitutes, etc.)
Integrates labs and problem sets to provide opportunities for practice and assessment throughout the course
NEW FOR THE SECOND EDITION
Expansion of many sections to include relevant information
Addition of many new figures and re-drawing of other figures to update understanding and clarify difficult areas
Substantial updating of the text to reflect newer research results
Addition of several new appendices including statistics, nomenclature of transport carriers, and structural biology of important items such as the neuromuscular junction and calcium release unit
Addition of new problems within the problem sets
Addition of commentary to power point presentations
Undergraduate bioengineering students
Preface
This Text Is a Physiology Text First, and Quantitative Second
The Text Uses Mathematics Extensively
Not All Things Worth Knowing Are Worth Knowing Well
Perfect Is the Enemy of Good: Equations Aren’t Perfect, but They’re Often Good Enough
Examples and Problem Sets Allow Application of the Useful Equations
Learning Objectives, Summaries, and Review Questions Guide Student Learning
Clinical Applications Pique Interest
How Instructors Can Use This Text
Ancillary Materials for Instructors
How students Can Use This Text
Ancillary Materials for Students
Student Feedback
Acknowledgments
Unit 1: Physical and Chemical Foundations of Physiology
1.1. The Core Principles of Physiology
Abstract
Human Physiology Is the Integrated Study of the Normal Function of the Human Body
The Body Consists of Causal Mechanisms That Obey the Laws of Physics and Chemistry
The Core Principles of Physiology
Cells Are the Organizational Unit of Life
The Concept of Homeostasis Is a Central Theme of Physiology
Evolution Is an Efficient Cause of the Human Body Working Over Longtime Scales
Living Beings Transform Energy and Matter
Function Follows Form
Positive Feedback Control Systems Have Different Signs for the Adjustment to Perturbations
We Are Not Alone: the Microbiota
Physiology Is a Quantitative Science
Summary
Review Questions
1.2. Physical Foundations of Physiology I: Pressure-Driven Flow
Abstract
Forces Produce Flows
Conservation of Matter or Energy Leads to the Continuity Equation
Steady-State Flows Require Linear Gradients
Heat, Charge, Solute, and Volume Can Be Stored: Analogues of Capacitance
Pressure Drives Fluid Flow
Poiseuille’s Law Governs Steady-State Laminar Flow in Narrow Tubes
The Law of LaPlace Relates Pressure to Tension in Hollow Organs
Summary
Review Questions
Appendix 1.2.A1 Derivation of Poiseuille’s Law
Appendix 1.2.A2 Introductory Statistics and Linear Regresssion
1.3. Physical Foundations of Physiology II: Electrical Force, Potential, Capacitance, and Current
Abstract
Coulomb’s Law Describes Electrical Forces
The Electric Potential Is the Work per Unit Charge
The Idea of Potential Is Limited to Conservative Forces
The Work Done by a Conservative Force Is Path Independent
Potential Difference Depends Only on the Initial and Final States
The Electric Field Is the Negative Gradient of the Potential
Force and Energy Are Simple Consequences of Potential
Gauss’s Law Is a Consequence of Coulomb’s Law
The Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor Depends on Its Area and Plate Separation
Biological Membranes Are Electrical Capacitors
Electric Charges Move in Response to Electric Forces
Movement of Ions in Response to Electrical Forces Makes a Current and a Solute Flux
The Relationship Between J and C Defines an Average Velocity
Ohm’s Law Relates Current to Potential
Kirchhoff’s Current Law and Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
The Time Constant Characterizes the Charging of a Capacitor in a Simple RC Circuit
Summary
Review Questions
Problem Set 1.1. Physical Foundations: Pressure and Electrical Forces and Flows
1.4. Chemical Foundations of Physiology I: Chemical Energy and Intermolecular Forces
Abstract
Atoms Contain Distributed Electrical Charges
Electron Orbitals Have Specific, Quantized Energies
Human Life Requires Relatively Few of the Chemical Elements
Atomic Orbitals Explain the Periodicity of Chemical Reactivities
Atoms Bind Together in Definite Proportions to Form Molecules
Compounds Have Characteristic Geometries and Surfaces
Single CC Bonds Can Freely Rotate
Double CC Bonds Prohibit Free Rotation
Chemical Bonds Have Bond Energies, Bond Lengths, and Bond Angles
Bond Energy Is Expressed as Enthalpy Changes
The Multiplicity of CX Bonds Produces Isomerism
Unequal Sharing Makes Polar Covalent Bonds
Ionic Bonds Result from Atoms with Highly Unequal Electronegativities
Water Provides an Example of a Polar Bond
Intermolecular Forces Arise from Electrostatic Interactions
Hydrogen Bonding Occurs Between Two Electronegative Centers
Dipole–Dipole Interactions Are Effective Only Over Short Distances
London Dispersion Forces Involve Induced Dipoles
Close Approach of Molecules Results in a Repulsive Force That Combines with the van der Waals Forces in the Lennard–Jones Potential
Atoms Within Molecules Wiggle and Jiggle, and Bonds Stretch and Bend
Summary
Review Questions
Appendix 1.4.A1 Dipole Moment
1.5. Chemical Foundations of Physiology II: Concentration and Kinetics
Abstract
Avogadro’s Number Counts the Particles in a Mole
Concentration Is the Amount Per Unit Volume
Scientific Prefixes Indicate Order of Magnitude
Dilution of Solutions Is Calculated Using Conservation of Solute
Calculation of Fluid Volumes by the Fick Dilution Principle
Chemical Reactions Have Forward and Reverse Rate Constants
First-Order Rate Equations Show Exponential Decay
Rates of Chemical Reactions Depend on the Activation Energy
Enzymes Speed Up Reactions by Lowering Ea
The Michaelis–Menten Formulation of Enzyme Kinetics
Physiology Is All About Surfaces
Summary
Review Questions
Appendix 1.5.A1 Transition State Theory Explains Reaction Rates in Terms of an Activation Energy
Appendix 1.5.A2 Unidirectional Fluxes Over a Series of Intermediates Depend on All of the Individual Unidirectional Fluxes
Appendix 1.5.A3 Simple Compartmental Analysis
1.6. Diffusion
Abstract
Fick’s First Law of Diffusion Was Proposed in Analogy to Fourier’s Law of Heat Transfer
Fick’s Second Law of Diffusion Follows from the Continuity Equation and Fick’s First Law
Fick’s Second Law Can Be Derived from the One-Dimensional Random Walk
The Time for One-Dimensional Diffusion Increases with the Square of Distance
Diffusion Coefficients in Cells Are Less than the Free Diffusion Coefficient in Water
External Forces Can Move Particles and Alter the Diffusive Flux
The Stokes–Einstein Equation Relates the Diffusion Coefficient to Molecular Size
Summary
Review Questions
Appendix 1.6.A1 Derivation of Einstein’s Frictional Coefficient from Momentum Transfer in Solution
1.7. Electrochemical Potential and Free Energy
Abstract
Diffusive and Electrical Forces Can Be Unified in the Electrochemical Potential
The Overall Force That Drives Flux Is the Negative Gradient of the Electrochemical Potential
The Electrochemical Potential Is the Gibbs Free Energy Per Mole
The Sign of ΔG Determines the Direction of a Reaction
Processes with ΔG>0 Can Proceed Only by Linking Them with Another Process with ΔG<0
The Large Negative Free Energy of ATP Hydrolysis Powers Many Biological Processes
Measurement of the Equilibrium Concentrations of ADP, ATP, and Pi Allows Us to Calculate ΔG0
Summary
Review Questions
Problem Set 1.2. Kinetics and Diffusion
Unit 2: Membranes, Transport, and Metabolism
2.1. Cell Structure
Abstract
For Cells, Form Follows Function
Organelles Make Up the Cell Like the Organs Make Up the Body
The Cell Membrane Marks the Limits of the Cell
The Cytosol Provides a Medium for Dissolution and Transport of Materials
The Cytoskeleton Supports the Cell and Forms a Network for Vesicular Transport
Microtubules Are the Largest Cytoskeletal Filaments
Actin Filaments Arise from Nucleation Sites Usually in the Cell Cortex
Intermediate Filaments Are Diverse
Cytoskeletal Units Form Free-Floating Structures Based on Tensegrity
Myosin Interacts with Actin to Produce Force or Shortening
The Nucleus Is the Command Center of the Cell
Ribosomes Are the Site of Protein Synthesis
The ER Is the Site of Protein and Lipid Synthesis and Processing
The Golgi Apparatus Packages Secretory Materials
The Mitochondrion Is the Powerhouse of the Cell
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes Are Bags of Enzymes
Proteasomes Degrade Marked Proteins
Cells Attach to Each Other Through a Variety of Junctions
Summary
Review Questions
Appendix 2.1.A1 Some Methods for Studying Cell Structure and Function
Microscopic Resolution Is the Ability to Distinguish Between Two Separated Objects
The Electron Microscope Has Advanced Our Understanding of Cell Structure
Subcellular Fractionation Allows Studies of Isolated Organelle But Requires Disruption of Cell Function and Structure
Differential Centrifugation Produces Enriched Fractions of Subcellular Organelles
Density Gradient Centrifugation Enhances Purity of the Fractions
Analysis of Centrifugation Separation
Centripetal Force in a Spinning Tube Is Provided by the Solvent
The Magnitude of the Centripetal Force Can Be Expressed as Relative Centrifugal Force
The Velocity of Sedimentation Is Measured in Svedbergs or S Units
Density Gradient Centrifugation
Other Optical Methods
2.2. DNA and Protein Synthesis
Abstract
DNA Makes Up the Genome
DNA Consists of Two Intertwined Sequences of Nucleotides
RNA Is Closely Related to DNA
The Genetic Code Is a System Property
Regulation of DNA Transcription Defines the Cell Type
The Histone Code Provides Another Level of Regulation of Gene Transcription
DNA Methylation Represses Transcription
Summary
Review Questions
2.3. Protein Structure
Abstract
Amino Acids Make Up Proteins
Hydrophobic Interactions Can Be Assessed from the Partition Coefficient
Peptide Bonds Link Amino Acids Together in Proteins
Protein Function Centers on Their Ability to Form Reactive Surfaces
There Are Four Levels of Description for Protein Structure
Posttranslational Modification Regulates and Refines Protein Structure and Function
Protein Activity Is Regulated by the Number of Molecules or by Reversible Activation/Inactivation
Summary
Review Questions
2.4. Biological Membranes
Abstract
Biological Membranes Surround Most Intracellular Organelles
Biological Membranes Consist of a Lipid Bilayer Core with Embedded Proteins and Carbohydrate Coats
Organic Solvents Can Extract Lipids from Membranes
Biological Membranes Contain Mostly Phospholipids
Phospholipids Contain Fatty Acyl Chains, Glycerol, Phosphate, and a Hydrophilic Group
Plasmanyl Phospholipids and Plasmenyl Phospholipids Use Fatty Alcohols Instead of Fatty Acids
Sphingolipids Use Sphingosine as a Backbone and Are Particularly Rich in Brain and Nerve Tissues
Other Lipid Components of Membranes Include Cardiolipin, Sphingolipids, and Cholesterol
Surface Tension of Water Results from Asymmetric Forces at the Interface
Water “Squeezes Out” Amphipathic Molecules
Amphipathic Molecules Spread Over a Water Surface, Reduce Surface Tension, and Produce an Apparent Surface Pressure
Phospholipids Form Bilayer Membranes Between Two Aqueous Compartments
Lipid Bilayers Can Also Form Liposomes
Although Lipids Form the Core, Membrane Proteins Carry Out Many of the Functions of Membranes
Membrane Proteins Bind to Membranes with Varying Affinity
Lipids Maintain Dynamic Motion Within the Bilayer
Lipid Rafts Are Special Areas of Lipid and Protein Composition
Caveolae and Clathrin-Coated Pits Are Stabilized by Integral Proteins
Secreted Proteins Have Special Mechanisms for Getting Inside the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Summary
Review Questions
Problem Set 2.1. Surface Tension, Membrane Surface Tension, Membrane Structure, Microscopic Resolution, and Cell Fractionation
2.5. Passive Transport and Facilitated Diffusion
Abstract
Membranes Possess a Variety of Transport Mechanisms
A Microporous Membrane Is One Model of a Passive Transport Mechanism
Dissolution in the Lipid Bilayer Is Another Model for Passive Transport
Facilitated Diffusion Uses a Membrane-Bound Carrier
Facilitated Diffusion Saturates with Increasing Solute Concentrations
The Current–Voltage Relationship for the Whole Cell Determines the Threshold for Excitation
Threshold Depolarization Requires a Threshold Charge Movement, Which Explains the Strength–Duration Relationship
The Amount of Charge Necessary to Reach Threshold Explains the Strength–Duration Relationship
Summary
Review Questions
Appendix 3.2.A1 The Hodgkin–Huxley Model of the Action Potential
The HH Model Divides the Total Current into Separate Na+, K+, and Leak Currents
The HH Model of the K+ Conductance Incorporates Four Independent “Particles”
The HH Model of Na+ Conductances Uses Activating and Inactivating Particles
Calculation of gNa(t) and gK(t) for a Voltage Clamp Experiment
Results of the Calculations
3.3. Propagation of the Action Potential
Abstract
The Action Potential Moves Along the Axon
The Velocity of Nerve Conduction Varies Directly with the Axon Diameter
The Action Potential Is Propagated by Current Moving Axially Down the Axon
The Time Course and Distance of Electrotonic Spread Depend on the Cable Properties of the Nerve
Capacitance Depends on the Area, Thickness, and Dielectric Constant
Charge Buildup or Depletion from a Capacitor Constitutes a Capacitative Current
The Transmembrane Resistance Depends on the Area of the Membrane
The Axoplasmic Resistance Depends on the Distance, Area, and Specific Resistance
The Extracellular Resistance Also Depends on the Distance, Area, and Specific Resistance
Cable Properties Define a Space Constant and a Time Constant
The Cable Properties Explain the Velocity of Action Potential Conduction
Saltatory Conduction Refers to the “Jumping” of the Current from Node to Node
The Action Potential Is Spread out Over More than One Node
Summary
Review Questions
Appendix 3.3.A1 Capacitance of a Coaxial Capacitor
The Capacitance of a Coaxial Cable
Problem Set 3.1. Membrane Potential, Action Potential, and Nerve Conduction
3.4. Skeletal Muscle Mechanics
Abstract
Muscles Either Shorten or Produce Force
Muscles Perform Diverse Functions
Muscles Are Classified According to Fine Structure, Neural Control, and Anatomical Arrangement
Isometric Force Is Measured While Keeping Muscle Length Constant
Muscle Force Depends on the Number of Motor Units That Are Activated
The Size Principle States That Motor Units Are Recruited in the Order of Their Size
Muscle Force Can Be Graded by the Frequency of Motor Neuron Firing
Muscle Force Depends on the Length of the Muscle
Recruitment Provides the Greatest Gradation of Muscle Force
Muscle Fibers Differ in Contractile, Metabolic and Proteomic Characteristics
Motor Units Contain a Single Type of Muscle Fiber
The Innervation Ratio of Motor Units Produces a Proportional Control of Muscle Force
Muscle Force Varies Inversely with Muscle Velocity
Muscle Power Varies with the Load and Muscle Type
Eccentric Contractions Lengthen the Muscle and Produce More Force
Concentric, Isometric, and Eccentric Contractions Serve Different Functions
Muscle Architecture Influences Force and Velocity of the Whole Muscle
Muscles Decrease Force Upon Repeated Stimulation; This Is Fatigue
Summary
Review Questions
3.5. Contractile Mechanisms in Skeletal Muscle
Abstract
Introduction
Muscle Fibers Have a Highly Organized Structure
The Sliding Filament Hypothesis Explains the Length–Tension Curve
Force Is Produced by an Interaction Between Thick Filament Proteins and Thin Filament Proteins
The Thin Filament Consists Primarily of Actin
α-Actinin at the Z-disk Joins Actin Filaments of Adjacent Sarcomeres
Myomesin Joins Thick Filaments at the M-Line or M-Band
Overall Structure of the Sarcomere Is Complicated
Cross-Bridges from the Thick Filament Split ATP and Generate Force
Myosin Heads Are Independent But May Cooperate Through Strain on the Cross-Bridge
Cross-Bridge Cycling Rate Explains the Fiber-Type Dependence of the Force–Velocity Curve
Force Is Transmitted Outside the Cell Through the Cytoskeleton and Special Transmembrane Proteins
Summary
Review Questions
3.6. The Neuromuscular Junction and Excitation–Contraction Coupling
Abstract
Motor Neurons Are the Sole Physiological Activators of Skeletal Muscles
The Motor Neuron Receives Thousands of Inputs from Other Cells
Postsynaptic Potentials Can Be Excitatory or Inhibitory
Postsynaptic Potentials Are Graded, Spread Electrotonically, and Decay with Time
Action Potentials Originate at the Initial Segment or Axon Hillock
Motor Neurons Integrate Multiple Synaptic Inputs to Initiate Action Potentials
The Action Potential Travels Down the Axon Toward the Neuromuscular Junction
The Neuromuscular Junction Consists of Multiple Enlargements Connected by Axon Segments
Neurotransmission at the Neuromuscular Junction Is Unidirectional
Motor Neurons Release Acetylcholine to Excite Muscles
Ca2+ Efflux Mechanisms in the Presynaptic Cell Shut Off the Ca2+ Signal
Acetylcholine Is Degraded and Then Recycled
The Action Potential on the Muscle Membrane Propagates Both Ways on the Muscle
The Muscle Fiber Converts the Action Potential into an Intracellular Ca2+ Signal
The Ca2+ during E–C Coupling Originates from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Ca2+ Release from the SR and Reuptake by the SR Requires Several Proteins
Reuptake of Ca2+ by the SR Ends Contraction and Initiates Relaxation
Cross-Bridge Cycling Is Controlled by Myoplasmic [Ca2+]
Sequential SR Release and Summation of Myoplasmic [Ca2+] Explains Summation and Tetany
The Elastic Properties of the Muscle Are Responsible for the Waveform of the Twitch
Repetitive Stimulation Causes Repetitive Ca2+ Release from the SR and Wave Summation
Summary
Review Questions
Appendix 3.6.A1 Molecular Machinery of the Neuromuscular Junction
Appendix 3.6.A2 Molecular Machinery of the Calcium Release Unit
3.7. Muscle Energetics, Fatigue, and Training
Abstract
Muscular Activity Relies on the Free Energy of ATP Hydrolysis
Muscular Activity Consumes ATP at High Rates
The Aggregate Rate and Amount of ATP Consumption Varies with the Intensity and Duration of Exercise
In Repetitive Exercise, Intensity Increases Frequency and Reduces Rest Time
Metabolic Pathways Regenerate ATP on Different Timescales and with Different Capacities
The Metabolic Pathways Used by Muscle Varies with Intensity and Duration of Exercise
At High Intensity of Exercise, Glucose and Glycogen Are the Preferred Fuel for Muscle
Lactic Acid Produced by Anaerobic Metabolism Allows High Glycolytic Flux
Muscle Fibers Differ in Their Metabolic Properties
Blood Lactate Levels Rise Progressively with Increases in Exercise Intensity
Mitochondria Import Lactic Acid, Then Metabolize it; This Forms a Carrier System for NADH Oxidation
Lactate Shuttles to the Mitochondria, Oxidative Fibers, or Liver
The “Anaerobic Threshold” Results from a Mismatch of Lactic Acid Production and Oxidation
Exercise Increases Glucose Transporters in the Muscle Sarcolemma
Fatigue Is a Transient Loss of Work Capacity Resulting from Preceding Work
Initial Training Gains Are Neural
Muscle Strength Depends on Muscle Size
Endurance Training Uses Repetitive
No. of pages: 1008
Language: English
Edition: 2
Published: December 16, 2016
Imprint: Academic Press
Hardback ISBN: 9780128008836
eBook ISBN: 9780128011546
JF
Joseph J Feher
Dr. Feher is Professor Emeritus of Physiology and Biophysics at Virginia Commonwealth University. He received his Ph.D. from Cornell University, and has research interests in the quantitative understanding of the mechanisms of calcium uptake and release by the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum, in the mechanisms of calcium transport across the intestine, and in muscle contraction and relaxation. Dr. Feher developed a course in Introductory Quantitative Physiology at VCU and has been course coordinator for more than a decade. He also teaches muscle and cell physiology to medical and graduate students and is course coordinator for the Graduate Physiology survey course in physiology given at VCU’s School of Medicine.
Affiliations and expertise
Professor Emeritus of Physiology and Biophysics at Virginia Commonwealth University.