Save up to 30% on Elsevier print and eBooks with free shipping. No promo code needed.
Save up to 30% on print and eBooks.
Bones and Cartilage
Developmental and Evolutionary Skeletal Biology
2nd Edition - December 23, 2014
Author: Brian K. Hall
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:9780124166783
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 1 6 6 7 8 - 3
eBook ISBN:9780124166851
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 1 6 6 8 5 - 1
Bones and Cartilage provides the most in-depth review and synthesis assembled on the topic, across all vertebrates. It examines the function, development and evolution of bone and…Read more
Purchase options
LIMITED OFFER
Save 50% on book bundles
Immediately download your ebook while waiting for your print delivery. No promo code is needed.
Bones and Cartilage provides the most in-depth review and synthesis assembled on the topic, across all vertebrates. It examines the function, development and evolution of bone and cartilage as tissues, organs and skeletal systems. It describes how bone and cartilage develop in embryos and are maintained in adults, how bone is repaired when we break a leg, or regenerates when a newt grows a new limb, or a lizard a new tail.
The second edition of Bones and Cartilage includes the most recent knowledge of molecular, cellular, developmental and evolutionary processes, which are integrated to outline a unified discipline of developmental and evolutionary skeletal biology. Additionally, coverage includes how the molecular and cellular aspects of bones and cartilage differ in different skeletal systems and across species, along with the latest studies and hypotheses of relationships between skeletal cells and the most recent information on coupling between osteocytes and osteoclasts All chapters have been revised and updated to include the latest research.
Offers complete coverage of every aspect of bone and cartilage, with updated references and extensive illustrations
Integrates development and evolution of the skeleton, as well a synthesis of differentiation, growth and patterning
Treats all levels from molecular to clinical, embryos to evolution, and covers all vertebrates as well as invertebrate cartilages
Includes new chapters on evolutionary skeletal biology that highlight normal variation and variability, and variation outside the norm (neomorphs, atavisms)
Updates hypotheses on the origination of cartilage using new phylogenetic, cellular and genetic data
Covers stem cells in embryos and adults, including mesenchymal stem cells and their use in genetic engineering of cartilage, and the concept of the stem cell niche
Biologists, medical researchers, evolutionary biologists, paleontologists, skeletal biologists, and endocrinologists as well as graduate students and clinicians in all of these areas
Preface
Organisational Changes
Conceptual Changes
Epigraphs
Part I: Vertebrate Skeletal Tissues
Part I. Vertebrate Skeletal Tissues
Chapter 1. Vertebrate Skeletal Tissues
Bone
Cartilage
Dentine
Enamel
Intermediate Tissues
Cartilage into Bone: Direct and Indirect Ossification
Notes
Chapter 2. Bone
Discovery of the Basic Structure of Bone
Cellular Bone
Osteocytes
Intramembranous and Endochondral Bone
Osteones
Growth
Regional Remodelling
Ageing
Acellular Bone
Bone in Sharks and Rays (Cartilaginous Fishes)
Notes
Chapter 3. Vertebrate Cartilages
Types
Chondrones
Cartilage Growth
Cartilage Canals
Secondary Centres of Ossification
Elastic Cartilage
Shark Cartilage
Lampreys
Hagfish
Acellular Cartilage in a Freshwater Stingray
Notes
Part II: Origins and Types of Skeletal Tissues
Part II. Origins and Types of Skeletal Tissues
Chapter 4. Invertebrate Cartilages, Notochordal Cartilage and Cartilage Origins
Chondroid and Cartilage
Odontophore Cartilage in Caenogastropods
Branchial (Gill Book) Cartilage in the Horseshoe Crab, Limulus polyphemus
Cranial Cartilages in Squid, Cuttlefish and Octopuses
Tentacular Cartilage in Polychaete Annelids
Lophophore Cartilage in an Articulate Brachiopod, Terebratalia transversa
Mineralisation of Invertebrate Cartilages
Cartilage Origins
Notochordal Cartilage
Notes
Chapter 5. Intermediate Tissues
Scleroblasts
Modulation and Intermediate Tissues
Cartilage from Fibrous Tissue and Metaplasia
Metaplasia of Epithelial Cells to Chondroblasts or Osteoblasts
Chondroid
Chondroid Bone
Tissues Intermediate Between Bone and Dentine
Enameloid: a Tissue Intermediate Between Dentine and Enamel
Notes
Chapter 6. Lessons from Fossils
Fossilised Skeletal Tissues
All Four Skeletal Tissues are Ancient
A Family of Skeletal Tissues in Fossil Agnatha
Dinosaur Bone, Dinosaur Growth and Life History
Developing Skeletons in Fossils
Palaeopathology
Conodonts
Notes
Part III: Unusual Modes of Skeletogenesis
Part III. Unusual Modes of Skeletogenesis
Chapter 7. Horns and Ossicones
Horns
Distribution of Horns as Organs
Horn as a Tissue
Development and Growth of Horns
Notes
Chapter 8. Antlers
Antlers
Initiation of Antler Formation
Hormonal Control of Pedicle Development and Growth
Antler Replacement
Histogenesis of Antlers
Hormones, Photoperiod and Antler Growth
Notes
Chapter 9. Tendon Skeletogenesis and Sesamoids
Tendons and Skeletogenesis
Sesamoids
Notes
Part IV: Stem and Progenitor Cells
Part IV. Stem and Progenitor Cells
Chapter 10. Embryonic Stem and Progenitor Cells
Stem Cells
Set-Aside Cells
Periosteal Progenitor Cell for Periosteal Osteogenesis in Long Bones
Modulation of Synthetic Activity and Differentiative Pathways of Cell Populations
Modulation of Synthetic Activity and Differentiative Pathways in Single Cells
Chapter 29. Repair of Fractured Long Bones and Regeneration of Growth Plates
A Brief History of Fracture Repair
Standardising the Fracture
Motion
Growth Factors and Fracture Repair
Jump-Starting Repair
Regeneration of Growth Plates in Rats, Opossums and Humans
Notes
Part X: Growing Together and Growing Apart
Part X. Growing Together and Growing Apart
Chapter 30. Initiating Skeletal Growth
What Is Growth?
Numbers of Stem Cells
Cell Movement and Cell Viability
Metabolic Regulation
Mechanical Stimulation and Chondroblast Differentiation and Growth
Mechanical Stimuli and Metabolic Activity
Skeletal Responses Mediated by camp
cAMP and Prechondroblast Proliferation
Notes
Chapter 31. Growth and Morphogenesis of Long Bones
Fundamental Form
Long-Bone Growth
Growth Plates
Growth at Opposite Ends of Long Bones
Diurnal and Circadian Rhythms
The Periosteum and Regulation of the Growth Plate
Feedback Control
Notes
Chapter 32. Long Bone Growth: A Case of Crying Wolff?
Wolff, Von Meyer or Roux
Response to Pressure
Continuous or Intermittent Mechanical Stimuli
Scaling and Variation: When Wolff Meets the Dwarfs
Gravity
Transduction of Mechanical Stimuli
Notes
Part XI: Staying Apart
Part XI. Staying Apart
Chapter 33. The Temporomandibular Joint and Cranial Synchondroses
Mammalian Temporomandibular Joints
Cranial Synchondroses
Notes
Chapter 34. Sutures and Craniosynostosis
Sutural Growth as Secondary and Adaptive
Sutural Cartilage
The Dura
Craniosynostosis
Notes
Part XII: Limb Buds
Part XII. Limb Buds
Chapter 35. The Mesodermal Limb Field and the Apical Epithelial Ridge
Introduction
The Mesodermal Limb Field and Limb Bud Mesenchyme
Regulation
Ectodermal/Epithelial Responsiveness
Limb Field Mesoderm/Limb Bud Mesenchyme Specifies Limb Identity as Fore- or Hind Limb
Molecular Specification of Fore- and Hind Limbs
Roles for the Epithelium Associated with the Limb Field
Limb Bud Mesenchyme Maintains the AER
Specificity of Limb-Bud Epithelium
Notes
Chapter 36. Adding or Deleting an Apical Epithelial Ridge
Regeneration of the Apical Epithelial Ridge
Experimental Removal of the Apical Epithelial Ridge
Failure to Maintain an AER: Wingless (wl) Mutants
Experimental Addition of an AER
Mutants with Duplicated Limbs
Polyphalangy and Extra Joints
Notes
Chapter 37. Limb Buds in Limbed and Limbless Tetrapods
Apical Epithelial Ridges Across the Tetrapods
Limbless Tetrapods
Gaining Limbs Back: ReEvolution of Limbs
Ecological Correlates of Limblessness
The Developmental Basis of Limblessness in Snakes and Legless Lizards
Notes
Part XIII: Limbs and Limb Skeletons
Part XIII. Limbs and Limb Skeletons
Chapter 38. Axes and Polarity of Limb Buds and Limbs
Establishing Axes and Polarity
The A–P Axis and the ZPA
D–V Polarity
P–D Polarity and the Progress Zone
Connecting D–V and P–D Polarity
Thalidomide and Limb Defects
Notes
Chapter 39. Patterning and Shaping Limb Buds and Limb Skeletons
Morphogenesis and Growth
Apoptosis
Cell Adhesion, Morphogenesis and Growth: talpid (ta) Mutant Fowl
Notes
Chapter 40. Before Limbs There Were Fins
Fins as Paired and Unpaired Appendages
Median Unpaired Fins in Teleost Fish
Paired Fins
Retinoic Acid and Regeneration
More on Fin Regeneration
Pelvic Fin Loss
Fins into Limbs
From Many to Fewer Digits
Notes
Part XIV: Backbones and Tails
Part XIV. Backbones and Tails
Chapter 41. Vertebral Chondrogenesis: Cell Differentiation and Morphogenesis
Self-Differentiation or Induction?
Morphogenesis
Chondrogenesis In Vitro
Spontaneous Chondrogenesis?
Notes
Chapter 42. Relationships Between Notochord and Vertebral Cartilage
Integrity of Notochord/Spinal Cord and Vertebral Morphogenesis
For How Long Do Notochord and Spinal Cord Interact with Sclerotomal Mesenchyme?
Can Cartilage Form from Dermomyotome or from Lateral-Plate Mesoderm?
The Search for the Magic Bullet
Functions of Notochord and Spinal Cord Matrix Products
The Magic Bullets
Conclusions on Initiation of Vertebral Chondrogenesis
Notochord as a Type of Cartilage
Notes
Chapter 43. Tail Buds, Tails and Taillessness
What Is a Tail?
Tail Buds
Tail Growth
Temperature-Induced Change in Vertebral Number: Meristic Variation
Taillessness
And Thereby Hangs a Tail
Lizards’ Tails: Autotomy
Notes
Part XV: Evolutionary Skeletal Biology
Part XV. Evolutionary Skeletal Biology
Chapter 44. Variation and Variability
Variation and Variability
Variation in a Single Character
Variability and Constraint
Hypotheses Tested by the Study of Variation and Variability
Pattern Variation in Limbs, Caudal Fins, Beaks and Jaws
Metamorphosis
Miniaturisation as a Source of Variation
Heterochrony
Notes
Chapter 45. Variation Outside the Norm: Neomorphs and Atavisms
Neomorphs
Neomorphs or Vestiges
Levels of Analysis and Identification of Neomorphic Features
Novel Modes of Ossification: Osteoderms
Atavisms
Homeotic Genes/Transformation and Variation Outside the Norm
Notes
References
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Index
No. of pages: 920
Language: English
Edition: 2
Published: December 23, 2014
Imprint: Academic Press
Hardback ISBN: 9780124166783
eBook ISBN: 9780124166851
BH
Brian K. Hall
I have been interested in and studying skeletal tissues since my undergraduate days in Australia in the 1960s. Those early studies on the development of secondary cartilage in embryonic birds, first published in 1967, have come full circle with the discovery of secondary cartilage in dinosaurs12. Bird watching really is flying reptile watching. Skeletal tissue development and evolution, the embryonic origins of skeletal tissues (especially those that arise from neural crest cells), and integrating development and evolution in what is now known as evo-devo have been my primary preoccupations over the past 50+ years.
Affiliations and expertise
Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS Canada