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Endocrine Disruption and Human Health
1st Edition - March 21, 2015
Editor: Philippa D. Darbre
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:9780128011393
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 1 1 3 9 - 3
eBook ISBN:9780128011201
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 1 1 2 0 - 1
Endocrine Disruption and Human Health starts with an overview of what endocrine disruptors are, the issues surrounding them, and the source of these chemicals in the ecosystem…Read more
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starts with an overview of what endocrine disruptors are, the issues surrounding them, and the source of these chemicals in the ecosystem. This is followed by an overview of the mechanisms of action and assay systems. The third section includes chapters written by specialists on different aspects of concern for the effects of endocrine disruption on human health. Finally, the authors consider the risk assessment of endocrine disruptors and the pertinent regulation developed by the EU, the US FDA, as well as REACH and NGOs. The book has been written for researchers and research clinicians interested in learning about the actions of endocrine disruptors and current evidence justifying concerns for human health but is useful for those approaching the subject for the first time, graduate students, and advanced undergraduate students.
Provides readers with access to a range of information from the basic mechanisms and assays to cutting-edge research investigating concerns for human health
Presents a comprehensive, translational look at all aspects of endocrine disruption and its effects on human health
Offers guidance on the risk assessment of endocrine disruptors and current relevant regulatory considerations
Biomedical researchers and graduate students new to endocrine disruptors and the effects of endocrine disruption on human health, across the fields of toxicology, endocrinology, and cancer research
List of Contributors
Preface
Section 1: Overview and Scope
Chapter 1. What Are Endocrine Disrupters and Where Are They Found?
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Historical Background
1.3 Evidence for Endocrine Disruption in Wildlife Populations and How This May Predict Effects on Human Health
1.4 Which Hormones Are Disrupted by EDCs?
1.5 How Do EDCs Disrupt Hormone Action?
1.6 Which Chemicals Are Sources of Human Exposure to Endocrine Disrupters?
References
Chapter 2. How Could Endocrine Disrupters Affect Human Health?
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Entry into Human Tissues
2.3 Can EDCs Be Absorbed from Dermal Application?
2.4 Tissue Measurements
2.5 Role of Metabolism in Biological Activity of EDCs
2.6 Biological Availability
2.7 Dose-Response Considerations
2.8 Effect of Exposure to Mixtures of Chemicals
2.9 Effect of Timing of Exposure
2.10 Transgenerational Effects
2.11 EDCs Do Not Have the Same Effect in All Tissues
2.12 EDCs Do Not Have the Same Effects in Every Individual: The Interaction of Genetics with Environment
References
Section 2: Mechanisms and Assay Systems
Chapter 3. Disrupters of Estrogen Action and Synthesis
3.1 Physiological Actions of Estrogen and Implications of Disruption
3.2 Molecular Actions of Estrogen and Mechanisms of Disruption
3.3 Synthesis of Endogenous Estrogens and Disruption of Necessary Enzymatic Activities
3.4 Assay Systems
3.5 Environmental Estrogens
References
Chapter 4. Disruptors of Androgen Action and Synthesis
4.1 Physiological Actions of Androgens
4.2 Androgen Biosynthesis and Metabolism
4.3 Androgen Receptor
4.4 Role of Androgens and the AR in Human DiseaseS
4.5 Antiandrogens
4.6 Bioassays for the Evaluation of Disruptors of Androgenic Action
4.7 Environmental Disruptors of Androgenic Action
References
Chapter 5. Disrupters of Thyroid Hormone Action and Synthesis
5.1 The Importance of the Thyroid Hormonal System for Human Health
5.2 Disruption of the Thyroid Hormonal System
5.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6. Disruption of Other Receptor Systems: Progesterone and Glucocorticoid Receptors, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors, Pregnane X Receptor, and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Progesterone Receptor
6.3 Glucocorticoid Receptor
6.4 Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
6.5 Pregnane X Receptor
6.6 Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor
6.7 Prostaglandins
6.8 How Many Other Receptors May Be Disrupted?
References
Chapter 7. Nonmonotonic Responses in Endocrine Disruption
7.1 Introduction
7.2 What Is Nonmonotonicity?
7.3 Nonmonotonicity in Pharmacology, Endocrinology, and Nutrition
7.4 Mechanisms for Nonmonotonicity
7.5 Nonmonotonicity for EDCs
7.6 Ongoing Debate on EDCs and Nonmonotonicity
7.7 How Does Nonmonotonicity Influence Chemical Safety Assessments?
7.8 Low Dose, a Related Issue
7.9 Conclusions
References
Section 3: Concerns for Human Health
Chapter 8. Endocrine Disruption and Female Reproductive Health
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Major Targets of Endocrine Disruption for Female Reproductive Health
8.3 Sources of Endocrine Disruption for Female Reproductive Health
8.4 Exposure to DES and Consequences for Female Reproductive Health
8.5 Pubertal Development
8.6 Disorders of the Ovary
8.7 Uterine Disorders
8.8 Benign Breast Disease
8.9 Final Comments
References
Chapter 9. Endocrine Disruption and Male Reproductive Health
9.1 Introduction
9.2 What Are the Endocrine Targets for Disruption of Male Reproductive Health?
9.3 Sources and Timing of Endocrine Disruption for Male Reproductive Health
9.4 Exposure to DES in Utero and Fetal Origin of Endocrine Dysfunction in Men
9.5 Exposure to EDCs in Adult Life and Gynecomastia
9.6 Urogenital Tract Malformations
9.7 Sperm Counts and Sperm Quality as Indicators of Fertility
9.8 Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome
9.9 Pubertal Development
9.10 Prostatic Hyperplasia
9.11 Gender Identity
9.12 Final Comments
References
Chapter 10. Endocrine Disruption and Cancer of Reproductive Tissues
10.1 Introduction: How Could Endocrine Disruption Affect Cancer?
10.2 Cancers in Female Reproductive Tissues
10.3 Cancers in Male Reproductive Tissues
10.4 Final Comments
References
Chapter 11. Endocrine Disruption of Thyroid Function: Chemicals, Mechanisms, and Toxicopathology
11.1 Endocrinology of the HPT Axis
11.2 Examples of Chemical Disrupters of Thyroid Function
11.3 Characteristic Toxicopathology of the Thyroid Gland
11.4 Regulatory Considerations and Toxicology Strategy for Examining Thyroid Functional Disruption
11.5 Evidence of Environmentally Mediated Thyroid Endocrine Disruption: Relevance to Human Health
References
Chapter 12. Endocrine Disruption of Adrenocortical Function
12.1 Endocrinology of the HPA Axis and Physiological Actions of Adrenocortical Steroids
12.2 Steroidogenic Pathway and Examples of Chemical Disrupters
12.3 Toxicology Strategy for Examining Adrenocortical Functional Disruption
12.4 Factors Predisposing the Adrenal Cortex to Toxicity
12.5 Evidence of Environmentally Mediated Adrenal Endocrine Disruption: Relevance to Human Health
References
Chapter 13. Endocrine Disruption of Developmental Pathways and Children’s Health
13.1 Overview
13.2 Developmental End Points of Concern (Figure 13.1)
13.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 14. Effects of Endocrine Disrupters on Immune Function and Inflammation
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Immune and Inflammatory Alterations Associated with the “Dirty Dozen” EDCs
14.3 Information on Other EDCs
14.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 15. Endocrine Disruption and Disorders of Energy Metabolism
15.1 Introduction
15.2 EDCs and Obesity
15.3 EDCs and Metabolic Syndrome
15.4 EDCs and Type 2 Diabetes
15.5 EDCs and CVD
15.6 Final Comments on Obesogens and Disease
References
Section 4: Public Policy and Regulatory Considerations
Chapter 16. An Introduction to the Challenges for Risk Assessment of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Risk Assessment for EDCs
16.3 Value and Limitations of Different Types of Evidence
16.4 How Is Regulation Brought About in Different Countries?
16.5 Role of Nongovernmental Organizations
16.6 Role of the Mass Media and Citizen Responsibility
16.7 Precautionary Principle
References
Chapter 17. Regulatory Considerations for Endocrine Disrupters in Food
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Manufactured Food Contaminants
17.3 Naturally Occurring Food Contaminants
17.4 Natural Food Constituents
17.5 Assay Models for Endocrine Disruptive Activity
17.6 Conclusion and Future Directions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 18. Considerations of Endocrine Disrupters in Drinking Water
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Standards and Guidelines
18.3 Overview of Sewage Treatment
18.4 Fate of SEs During Sewage Treatment
18.5 Removal of EDCs During Sewage Treatment
18.6 Overview of Drinking Water Treatment
18.7 Removal of EDCs During Drinking Water Treatment
18.8 Occurrence of EDCs in Drinking Water
18.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 19. Regulatory Considerations for Dermal Application of Endocrine Disrupters in Personal Care Products
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Where Are EDCs Found in PCPs?
19.3 Evidence That EDCs Can Be Absorbed from Dermal Application of Cosmetics
19.4 Reported Cases Where Absorption of EDCs from PCPs Has Affected Human Endocrine Health
19.5 Dermal Exposure and Measurement in Human Tissue
19.6 The Potential for Placental Transfer and Exposure in Utero from Dermally Applied Cosmetics
19.7 Regulatory Considerations for Cosmetic Products
References
Appendix
List of Abbreviations
Index
No. of pages: 390
Language: English
Edition: 1
Published: March 21, 2015
Imprint: Academic Press
Hardback ISBN: 9780128011393
eBook ISBN: 9780128011201
PD
Philippa D. Darbre
Professor Philippa Darbre is Professor Emeritus in Oncology in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Reading in the UK. She is an academic scientist who has been carrying out research into estrogen action in breast cancer for over 40 years and has been investigating the role of estrogen-mimicking chemicals since before the term “endocrine disruption” came into being in the early 1990s. She trained as a biochemist and holds the degrees of BScHons from the University of Birmingham, UK (1973) and PhD from the University of Cambridge, UK (1977). Her postdoctoral research began at the Molecular Medicine Institute at the University of Oxford where she held the first Nuffield Medical Research Fellowship of the University of Oxford and a Junior Research Fellowship at St Hugh’s College. In 1981, she moved to the Imperial Cancer Research Fund laboratories in central London (now Cancer Research UK) where she became Head of the Cellular Endocrinology Laboratory. In 1991, she moved to the University of Reading and retired to Emeritus status in 2017. From retirement, she continues research into the role of endocrine disrupting chemicals in breast cancer together with some teaching of undergraduates in endocrinology and cancer. She continues to serve on the editorial board of the Journal of Applied Toxicology, is patron of the charity “Canceractive” and is a member of the science panel of the charity, BreastCancer UK. She has written two books on molecular biology methods, has guest-edited a previous journal volume on endocrine disrupters, has published 150 peer-reviewed research papers, and served as founding editor of the first edition of the book, Endocrine Disruption and Human Health.
Affiliations and expertise
Professor Emeritus of Oncology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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